Table 1 Taguchi design of experiment parameters (Specimens labeled as c and b for conical and threaded cylindrical pins, respectively).

From: A multi-objective optimization using response surface model coupled with particle swarm algorithm on FSW process parameters

Code

Pin diameter (mm)

Shoulder diameter (mm)

Feed speed (mm/min)

Rotational speed (rpm)

Tilt angle (°)

c1

b1

4.0

14.0

31.5

630

3.0

c2

b2

4.0

18.0

80.0

1000

3.0

c3

b3

5.0

14.0

50.0

1000

3.0

c4

b4

5.0

18.0

31.5

800

3.0

c5

b5

6.0

14.0

80.0

800

3.0

c6

b6

6.0

18.0

50.0

630

3.0

c7

b7

4.0

14.0

31.5

630

3.5

c8

b8

4.0

16.0

50.0

800

3.5

c9

b9

5.0

14.0

50.0

1000

3.5

c10

b10

5.0

16.0

80.0

630

3.5

c11

b11

6.0

14.0

80.0

800

3.5

c12

b12

6.0

16.0

31.5

1000

3.5

c13

b13

4.0

16.0

50.0

800

2.5

c14

b14

4.0

18.0

80.0

800

2.5

c15

b15

5.0

16.0

80.0

630

2.5

c16

b16

5.0

18.0

31.5

800

2.5

c17

b17

6.0

16.0

31.5

1000

2.5

c18

b18

6.0

18.0

50.0

630

2.5