Table 2 Summary of GLMM to test for effects on survival of Hestina japonica larvae immediately after being attacked by Polistes jokahamae wasps.

From: Long horns protect Hestina japonica butterfly larvae from their natural enemies

Fixed effects:

F

P

Larval treatment

F2,38 = 4.477

0.018

Larval size

F1,38 = 1.058

0.310

  1. ‘Larval Treatment’ refers to the effect of three treatments of larvae, i.e., normal larvae with horns intact, larvae with horns removed, and larvae with horns removed and then fitted with shed horns of different individuals. ‘Larval Size’ refers to the effect of body length of larvae. Significant P-values are in bold.
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