Table 2 Energy-adjusted nutrient intakes and allergic rhinitis.

From: Multiple nutritional and gut microbial factors associated with allergic rhinitis: the Hitachi Health Study

 

Unit

Allergic rhinitis (n = 186)

Control (n = 106)

P-value

Total energy

kJ/day

7819 ± 2100

7966 ± 2135

0.576

Protein

% energy

14.24 ± 2.29

14.72 ± 2.36

0.152

Fat

% energy

24.87 ± 5.24

25.28 ± 5.44

0.794

Saturated fat

% energy

6.51 ± 1.82

6.38 ± 1.63

0.644

Monounsaturated fat

% energy

8.96 ± 2.11

9.14 ± 2.23

0.767

Polyunsaturated fat

% energy

6.26 ± 1.22

6.56 ± 1.37

0.107

n-6 polyunsaturated fat

% energy

5.04 ± 1.00

5.26 ± 1.11

0.161

n-3 polyunsaturated fat

% energy

1.20 ± 0.30

1.28 ± 0.36

0.125

n-3 polyunsaturated fat of marine origina

% energy

0.39 ± 0.18

0.41 ± 0.22

0.388

Eicosapentaenoic acid

% energy

0.13 ± 0.07

0.14 ± 0.08

0.403

Docosahexaenoic acid

% energy

0.22 ± 0.10

0.23 ± 0.12

0.373

α-Linolenic acid

% energy

0.77 ± 0.19

0.82 ± 0.21

0.118

Cholesterol

mg/10 MJ

445 ± 153

458 ± 178

0.752

Carbohydrate

% energy

51.61 ± 8.41

51.89 ± 6.94

0.914

Total dietary fibre

g/10 MJ

13.61 ± 3.79

14.44 ± 3.88

0.060

Soluble dietary fibre

g/10 MJ

3.44 ± 1.06

3.61 ± 1.14

0.370

Insoluble dietary fibre

g/10 MJ

9.77 ± 2.68

10.29 ± 2.57

0.072

Alcohol

% energy

7.78 ± 9.05

6.59 ± 6.97

0.995

Retinol

μg/10 MJ

484 ± 347

709 ± 909

0.001

Vitamin A (retinol equivalent)b

μg/10 MJ

779 ± 415

1013 ± 939

0.003

α-Carotene

μg/10 MJ

389 ± 323

366 ± 306

0.351

β-Carotene

μg/10 MJ

3154 ± 2145

3240 ± 2006

0.570

β-Carotene equivalentc

μg/10 MJ

3488 ± 2293

3603 ± 2191

0.523

Cryptoxanthin

μg/10 MJ

274 ± 271

355 ± 291

0.007

α-Tocopherol

mg/10 MJ

8.36 ± 2.01

8.77 ± 2.08

0.130

Vitamin K

μg/10 MJ

382 ± 182

417 ± 190

0.088

Thiamine

mg/10 MJ

0.90 ± 0.18

0.94 ± 0.19

0.260

Riboflavin

mg/10 MJ

1.60 ± 0.42

1.65 ± 0.44

0.413

Niacin

mg/10 MJ

21.85 ± 5.17

22.77 ± 5.25

0.222

Vitamin B6

mg/10 MJ

1.52 ± 0.33

1.56 ± 0.32

0.271

Vitamin B12

μg/10 MJ

10.52 ± 4.67

11.77 ± 5.97

0.063

Folate

μg/10 MJ

388 ± 142

413 ± 139

0.088

Pantothenic acid

mg/10 MJ

7.98 ± 1.53

8.34 ± 1.67

0.110

Vitamin C

mg/10 MJ

119 ± 58

126 ± 52

0.151

Sodium

mg/10 MJ

5344 ± 1049

5529 ± 995

0.101

Potassium

mg/10 MJ

2963 ± 727

3070 ± 729

0.215

Calcium

mg/10 MJ

613 ± 232

621 ± 203

0.367

Magnesium

mg/10 MJ

310 ± 57

321 ± 58

0.149

Phosphorus

mg/10 MJ

1269 ± 230

1302 ± 222

0.181

Iron

mg/10 MJ

9.29 ± 2.24

9.77 ± 2.15

0.063

Zinc

mg/10 MJ

10.10 ± 1.41

10.48 ± 1.42

0.053

Copper

mg/10 MJ

1.41 ± 0.24

1.48 ± 0.22

0.023

Manganese

mg/10 MJ

4.03 ± 1.24

3.95 ± 1.09

0.793

  1. Values are shown as the mean ± standard deviation. P-values were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. No adjustments were made for statistical tests shown in this table.
  2. aSum of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid16.
  3. bSum of retinol, β-carotene/12, α-carotene/24, and cryptoxanthin/2416.
  4. cSum of β-carotene, α-carotene/2, and cryptoxanthin/216.
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