Table 1 All characteristics of risk factors, WHO targets and theoretical minimum risk exposure level.
From: Iran to achieve the SDG 3.4 at national and sub-national levels
Risk factor | Exposure definition | Data source | Related disease | WHO target for risk factors | Theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High systolic and diastolic blood pressure | Mean of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, measured in mmHg | STEPs surveys (from 2005 to 2009–2011–2016) An additional studies: GCS1, IHHP2, MONICA3, NHS4,TLGS5 | Rheumatic heart disease, Hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic and other non-ischemic stroke, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, endocarditis, atrial fibrillation and flutter, other circulatory diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney disease | 25% relative reduction in the prevalence of raised blood pressure | 110–115 mm Hg |
High FPG | Mean of serum fasting plasma glucose measured in mg/dl | STEPs surveys (from 2005 to 2009–2011–2016) An additional studies: GCS, IHHP, MONICA, NHS,TLGS | Diabetes mellitus, Ischemic heart disease, Ischemic stroke, Hemorrhagic and other non-ischemic stroke, Kidney disease | Halt the rise in diabetes | 4·8–5·4 mmol/L |
Obesity and overweight | Mean of body mass index, measured in kg/m2 | STEPs surveys (from 2005 to 2009–2011–2016) An additional studies: an additional studies: GCS, IHHP, MONICA, NHS,TLGS | Colon and rectum cancers, liver cancer, pancreas cancer, breast cancer, corpus uteri cancer, ovary cancer, prostate cancer, non-hodgkin lymphoma, other lymphomas and multiple myeloma, leukemia, kidney cancer, gallbladder cancer, thyroid cancer, diabetes mellitus, hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic and other non-ischemic stroke, kidney disease | Halt the rise in obesity | 21–25 kg/m2 |
Physical inactivity | Average weekly physical activity at work, home, transport-related, and recreational measured by MET min per week | STEPs surveys ( from 2005 to 2009–2011–2016) | Colon and rectum cancers, breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke | 10% reduction in the prevalence of physical inactivity | All adults experience 3000–4500 MET min per week |
Smoking | Daily smoking Smoking Impact ratio(SIR) | STEPs surveys (from 2005 to 2009–2011–2016) | Mouth and oropharynx cancers, esophagus cancer, stomach cancer, colon and rectum cancers, liver cancer, pancreas cancer Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers, melanoma and other skin cancers, breast cancer, cervix uteri cancer, corpus uteri cancer, ovary cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, non-hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, other lymphomas and multiple myeloma, leukemia, kidney cancer, gallbladder cancer, thyroid cancer, diabetes mellitus, rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic and other non-ischemic stroke, chronic obstructive, pulmonary disease, asthma, other respiratory diseases | 30% relative reduction in the prevalence of current tobacco use | All individuals are lifelong non-smokers |
Salt intake | 24 h urinary sodium measured in gram per day Mean of salt intake | STEPs in 2016 Comprehensive project on household food pattern and nutritional status, TLGS, IHHP, Isfahan salt study, PGHHS6, Mashhad Study, YHHP7, Urban Health Equity assessment and Response Tool (Urban Heart-phase1), HIEs8 | Direct : stomach cancer Indirect : rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic and other non-ischemic stroke, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, endocarditis, atrial fibrillation and flutter, other circulatory diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney disease | 30% reduction in the mean population intake of salt | 24 h urinary sodium between 1 and 5 g per day |
