Table 3 Amino acid composition of Cyprinus carpio cultured under five different feeding regimes (g kg⁻¹ of fresh weight).

From: Effect of Lemna minor supplemented diets on growth, digestive physiology and expression of fatty acids biosynthesis genes of Cyprinus carpio

Proteinogenic amino acids	LM0	LM5	LM10	LM15	LM20	Polynomial contrasts
Proteinogenic amino acids	LM0	LM5	LM10	LM15	LM20	Linear	Quadratic
Essential amino acids
Arginine (Arg)	6.74 ± 0.13^d	7.99 ± 0.12^c	11.79 ± 0.10^a	10.81 ± 0.11^b	11.91 ± 0.03^a	< 0.001	< 0.001
Histidine (His)	3.83 ± 0.01^a	3.68 ± 0.10^a	3.29 ± 0.04^b	3.38 ± 0.03^b	3.27 ± 0.03^b	< 0.001	0.018
Isoleucine (Ile)	5.56 ± 0.07^b	5.46 ± 0.12^b	4.82 ± 0.07^c	5.57 ± 0.01^b	5.97 ± 0.02^a	0.002	< 0.001
Leucine (Leu)	10.10 ± 0.04^a	10.05 ± 0.07^a	8.43 ± 0.04^d	9.25 ± 0.03^b	8.89 ± 0.02^c	< 0.001	< 0.001
Lysine (Lys)	12.53 ± 0.02^a	11.76 ± 0.11^b	9.70 ± 0.01^d	10.24 ± 0.02^c	10.23 ± 0.03^c	< 0.001	< 0.001
Methionine (Met)	3.30 ± 0.05^c	3.37 ± 0.06^c	3.22 ± 0.06^c	5.32 ± 0.19^a	4.08 ± 0.02^b	< 0.001	0.303
Phenylalanine (Phe)	5.58 ± 0.03^ab	5.73 ± 0.12^a	5.42 ± 0.01^b	5.77 ± 0.02^a	5.75 ± 0.02^a	0.082	0.212
Threonine (Thr)	5.24 ± 0.03^d	5.40 ± 0.08^c	5.56 ± 0.01^c	6.19 ± 0.04^b	6.42 ± 0.08^a	< 0.001	0.005
Tryptophan (Trp)	1.61 ± 0.04^d	1.04 ± 0.05^d	3.55 ± 0.03^a	2.50 ± 0.08^b	2.30 ± 0.07^c	0.007	0.017
Valine (Val)	6.43 ± 0.14^a	6.45 ± 0.13^a	5.46 ± 0.70^b	5.66 ± 0.05^b	6.72 ± 0.04^a	0.517	< 0.001
Total	60.92 ± 0.50^b	60.93 ± 0.30^b	61.24 ± 0.24^b	64.69 ± 0.53^a	65.54 ± 0.49^a	< 0.001	0.096
Non-essential amino acids
Alanine (Ala)	7.81 ± 0.06^b	7.11 ± 0.12^d	7.53 ± 0.06^c	7.94 ± 0.03^b	8.25 ± 0.01^a	< 0.001	< 0.001
Aspartate (Asp)	11.56 ± 0.01^a	11.39 ± 0.07^a	10.47 ± 0.07^c	11.26 ± 0.02^b	11.06 ± 0.08^b	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cysteine (Cys)	1.34 ± 0.04^a	1.48 ± 0.03^a	1.03 ± 0.03^b	1.36 ± 0.04^a	1.14 ± 0.03^b	0.001	0.718
Glutamic acid (Glu)	20.16 ± 0.04^a	19.57 ± 0.01^b	19.30 ± 0.06^b	18.33 ± 0.15^c	18.67 ± 0.08^c	0.001	0.003
Glycine (Gly)	8.29 ± 0.13^d	9.80 ± 0.08^c	10.52 ± 0.04^b	11.16 ± 0.00^a	11.33 ± 0.11^a	< 0.001	< 0.001
Proline (Pro)	18.48 ± 0.03^b	20.45 ± 0.13^a	18.05 ± 0.09^c	17.85 ± 0.08^c	16.73 ± 0.09^d	< 0.001	< 0.001
Serine (Ser)	4.06 ± 0.05^e	4.37 ± 0.08^d	4.66 ± 0.00^c	5.44 ± 0.03^b	5.74 ± 0.01^a	< 0.001	< 0.001
Tyrosine (Tyr)	3.57 ± 0.06^c	2.61 ± 0.04^e	4.92 ± 0.01^a	3.19 ± 0.01^d	3.85 ± 0.02^b	< 0.001	0.001
Total	75.27 ± 0.36^a	76.78 ± 0.20^a	76.48 ± 0.29^a	76.53 ± 0.32^a	76.77 ± 0.38^a	0.001	0.014
Non-proteinogenic amino acids
Phosphoserine (p-Ser)	0.05 ± 0.00^c	0.12 ± 0.01^b	0.11 ± 0.02^b	0.08 ± 0.01^bc	0.20 ± 0.03^a	< 0.001	0.035
Taurine (Tau)	1.69 ± 0.08^b	1.78 ± 0.03^b	1.29 ± 0.02^c	1.80 ± 0.01^b	2.29 ± 0.02^a	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cystathionine (Cysthi)	0.42 ± 0.01^b	0.52 ± 0.02^ab	0.49 ± 0.04^ab	0.23 ± 0.02^c	0.65 ± 0.01^a	0.244	0.028
β Alanine ( β-Ala)	0.05 ± 0.01^b	0.06 ± 0.01^b	0.08 ± 0.05^b	0.18 ± 0.02^a	0.19 ± 0.03^a	< 0.001	0.012
β Amino isobutyric acid ( β -AiBA)	–	–	0.60 ± 0.01^a	0.37 ± 0.01^b	0.21 ± 0.02^c	< 0.001	0.001
ϒ Amino butyric acid ( ϒ—ABA)	0.39 ± 0.06^a	0.09 ± 0.01^b	0.02 ± 0.00^c	–	0.42 ± 0.01^a	0.497	< 0.001
Hydroxylysine (Hylys)	0.47 ± 0.04^a	0.41 ± 0.01^a	0.17 ± 0.01^b	0.08 ± 0.01^c	0.03 ± 0.00^d	< 0.001	0.084
1 Methyl histidine (1 Mehis)	0.09 ± 0.02^c	0.09 ± 0.00^c	0.05 ± 0.01^d	0.19 ± 0.01^b	0.27 ± 0.01^a	< 0.001	< 0.001
Hydroxyproline (Hypro)	0.70 ± 0.10^d	1.23 ± 0.10^c	1.87 ± 0.07^b	2.12 ± 0.03^a	2.15 ± 0.03^a	< 0.001	< 0.001
Total	3.86 ± 0.16^c	4.30 ± 0.19^b	4.68 ± 0.22^b	4.43 ± 0.08^b	6.41 ± 0.14^a	< 0.001	< 0.001
Total amino acids	140.05 ± 0.08^b	142.01 ± 1.60^b	142.41 ± 0.21^b	145.65 ± 0.37^a	148.72 ± 0.25^a	< 0.001	0.129

Values (means ± SE, n = 3) in each row with different superscript are significantly different (p < 0.05). The polynomial orthogonal contrast was considered significant at p < 0.05 level.
LM0 = Control, soybean; LM5 = 5% L. minor; LM10 = 10% L. minor; LM15 = 15% L. minor; LM20 = 20% L. minor.

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Table 3 Amino acid composition of Cyprinus carpio cultured under five different feeding regimes (g kg⁻¹ of fresh weight).

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