Table 2 Hemodynamic changes with exercise (N = 25).

Heart rate(/min)

81 ± 10

86 ± 12*

LV peak systolic pressure (mmHg)

115 ± 14

127 ± 17*

LV end diastolic volume or EDV (mL)

117 ± 25

130 ± 34

LV end systolic volume or ESV (mL)

42 ± 17

51 ± 24*

LV stroke volume (mL)

74 ± 17

76 ± 18

LV ejection Fraction (%)

64 ± 10

61 ± 13

Cardiac output by conductance catheter (L/min)

6 ± 1.2

6.5 ± 1.9

LV minimal pressure (mmHg)

3.7 ± 3.3

6.5 ± 3.5*

LV end diastolic pressure (mmHg)

11.5 ± 4

18 ± 3.8*

Time constant of LV relaxation: τ (ms)

40 ± 11.6

46 ± 9*

LV chamber stiffness constant—single beat

0.03 (0.016–0.05)

0.028 (0.018–0.05)

Klotz stiffness constant (8)

6.2 ± 3.9

6.7 ± 1.2

LV peak filling rate (mL/s)

621 ± 242

640 ± 240

End systolic elastance (E_es in mmHg/mL)

2.25 (1.4–3.5)

2 (1.5–3.2)

Preload recruitable stroke Work (mmHg)

53 (43–64)

48.5 (36–66)

Slope of dP/dt versus EDV (mmHg/mL/s)

11 ± 3

10 ± 3.7

Effective arterial elastance (E_a in mmHg/mL)

1.3 (1.2–1.6)

1.4 (1.2–2)**

LV arterial coupling (E_a/E_es)

0.7 (0.5–1)

0.8 (0.6–1.2)**

External stroke work (mmHg. mL)

7629 ± 2103

8944 ± 2349**

Pressure volume loop area (PVA in mmHg. mL)

9878 (8385–11,501)

12,914 (9701–16,189)*