Table 1 Description of variables used for rice farm characterization and as factors of adoption analysis of improved rice varieties.
Variables/characteristics | Codes | Definition | Measurement | Expected sign |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependant variable | ||||
Adoption of new rice variety | UIV | Adoption of new rice variety | 1 if the farmer adopted improved rice variety, 0 otherwise | Nil |
Independent variables | ||||
Socio-demographic factors | ||||
Proportion of male-headed households | MH | Gender of the household head | 1 if respondent is male, 0 otherwise | +/− |
Age of the household head | Age | Number of years from birth | Number | +/− |
Education level of the household head | Education | Highest formal education level attained | 1 if the farmers has a secondary education or higher education level, 0 if the farmer is illiterate or has a basic education | + |
Household size | HS | Number of family members | Number | +/− |
Experience in rice production | Experience | Number of years in rice farming | Number | + |
Off-farm income | OFI | Other sources of farmer's income | 1 if farmer has access to off farm income, 0 = Otherwise | − |
Farm resources factors | ||||
Land ownership | LO | The farmer owns the cultivated land | 1 if the farmer owns land cultivated; 0 otherwise | + |
Livestock ownership | LSO | Number of livestock own by the farmer | Number | + |
Machinery ownership | MO | The farmer owns machinery (plow, tractors) | 1 if the farmer owns any machinery, 0 otherwise | + |
Total farm size | TFS | Hectares of farm plots cultivated | Hectares | + |
Size of land under rice cultivation | LRS | Size of land under rice cultivation | Hectares | + |
Total workforce | TW | Number of labour force used | Number | + |
Family workforce | FW | Family workers | 1 if the farmer used member of the household for farming, 0 otherwise | + |
Hired farm labour | HFL | Farmer recruits persons outside the household for farming | 1 if the farmer used other persons outside the household for farming, 0 otherwise | + |
Management factors | ||||
Crop diversification | RA | Growing of other crops in addition to rice | 1 if there is risk averse, 0 otherwise | − |
Training in rice farming | TRF | Farmer trained in rice production | 1 if yes, 0 otherwise | |
Membership of farmers association | MA | Member of farmers based organization | 1 if yes, 0 otherwise | + |
Rice as main crop | RMC | Rice is the main crop | 1 if rice is the main crop for the household, 0 otherwise | + |
Use of fertilizers | UF | Use of fertilizers by the farmers | 1 if farmer use fertilizer, 0 otherwise | + |
Use of pesticides | UP | Use of pesticides by the farmers | 1 if farmer use pesticide, 0 otherwise | + |
Animal traction | AT | Use of animal traction is used by the farmer | 1 if animal traction is used by the farmer, 0 otherwise | + |
Irrigation | Irrigation | Farming rice system is the irrigated system | 1 if the farming rice is the irrigated system, 0 otherwise | + |
Farmers output of rice | FOR | Quantity of rice harvested | Tonnes | + |
Off-season rice | OSR | Production of rice in off-season | 1 if farmer grows rice during off-season, 0 otherwise | + |
Institutional factors | ||||
Government extensions | GE | Farmer has contact with government extensions | 1 if the farmer has contact with extension services, 0 otherwise | + |
Non-governmental organizations | NGOS | Farmer has contact with an NGO | 1 if the farmer has contact with NGOs, 0 otherwise | + |
International institutes | InI | Farmer has contact with international institutes | 1 if the farmer has contact with institutional institutes, 0 otherwise | + |
Geographical factors | Region | |||
Dummy for the north region | The farmer’s region is the north | 1 if the farmer’s region is the north, 0 otherwise | +/− | |
Dummy for the centre region | The farmer’s region is the centre | 1 if the farmer’s region is the centre, 0 otherwise | +/− | |
Dummy for the south region | The farmer’s region is the south | 1 if the farmer’s region is the south, 0 otherwise | +/− | |
