Table 1 Description of subjects.

Monkey	Housing configuration	ORT	ORT variant	ORT age	ORT time indoors	HIT	HIT variant	HIT age	HIT time indoors
A1	Individual	✓	1	8.98	1.50	✓	1	9.52	2.05
A2	Individual	✓	1	8.88	1.48	✓	1	9.42	2.02
A3	Individual	✓	1	9.03	1.43	✓	1	9.58	1.97
A4	Individual	✓	1	8.96	1.47	✓	1	9.50	2.01
A5	Individual	✓	1	7.02	1.42	✓	1	7.57	1.97
A6	Individual	✓	1	8.96	1.42	✓	1	9.50	1.96
B1	Grate	✓	2	9.91	1.29
B2	Intermittent	✓	2	9.00	1.47
B3	Intermittent	✓	2	7.03	1.47
B4	Continuous	✓	2	8.92	2.47
C1	Grate	✓	3	6.30	1.82	✓	2	6.52	2.04
C2	Grate	✓	3	8.16	1.78	✓	2	8.38	2.00
C3	Grate	✓	3	7.21	1.82	✓	2	7.42	2.04
C4	Grate	✓	3	6.22	1.82	✓	2	6.44	2.04
C5	Intermittent	✓	3	6.27	1.84	✓	2	6.48	2.06
D1	Intermittent	✓	4	6.16	1.86	✓	2	6.01	1.71
D2	Intermittent	✓	4	7.22	1.84	✓	2	7.07	1.68
D3	Intermittent	✓	4	7.36	1.84	✓	2	7.21	1.68
D4	Continuous (HIT), intermittent (ORT)	✓	4	6.24	1.95	✓	2	5.86	1.57
D5	Continuous	✓	4	7.23	1.70	✓	2	7.05	1.53
D6	Continuous	✓	4	7.16	1.72	✓	2	6.99	1.55
D7	Continuous	✓	4	6.37	1.95	✓	2	5.99	1.57

Housing configuration, variant used, age (in years), and time previously spent indoors (Time Indoors, in years) for ORT and HIT by monkey. The four caging configurations used were: Individual: only visual, auditory, and olfactory access to other monkeys; Grate: housed in adjacent individual cages adjoined by a grate which allowed visual and limited somatosensory access to a cagemate; Intermittent: housed in adjacent individual cages which permitted intermittent full access (5 or 7 days per week, 5–8 h per day) to a cagemate; Continuous: housed in adjacent individual cages which permitted continuous full access to a cagemate. Check marks in the ORT and HIT columns indicate that a given subject participated in ORT or HIT, respectively. Task structure varied slightly as described in the methods section with four different variants of ORT (1–4; see Table 2) and two variants of HIT (1,2).

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