Table 2 Effect of training on pain and forward head posture.

Within-group							Between-groups
Outcomes	Groups	Baseline Mean ± SD	8-weeks Mean ± SD	Change relative to baseline^c (%)	D^† and 95% CI (Lower limit -Upper limit)	P	Interaction effects	P
Pain, VAS	Combined respiratory-therapeutic exercise	5.1 ± 1.6	1.9 ± 0.6^d	62.4% ↓	0.85 (0.41 to 1.33)	0.01	F = 3.22 P = 0.04^e	0.01^a 0.01^b
	Therapeutic exercise alone	4.0 ± 1.0	1.7 ± 0.8^d	57.5% ↓	0.75 (0.23 to 1.14)	0.02
	Control	4.8 ± 0.9	4.5 ± 0.4	6.2% ↓	0.21 (− 1.2 to 0.03)	0.38
FHP, Degree	Combined respiratory-therapeutic exercise	46.5 ± 2.3	52.8 ± 3.9^d	13.5% ↑	− 0.70 (− 2.5 to − 0.38)	0.01	F = 5.32 P = 0.03^e	0.01^a 0.02^b
	Therapeutic exercise alone	47.5 ± 4.1	52.3 ± 2.5^d	10.1% ↑	− 0.55 (− 1.92 to − 0.13)	0.03
	Control	45.3 ± 3.7	46.9 ± 4.8	3.5% ↑	− 0.12 (− 0.08 to 1.08)	0.43

VAS visual analogue scale, FHP forward head posture.
^aSignificant between combined respiratory-therapeutic exercise and control groups.
^bSignificant between therapeutic exercise alone and control groups.
^cPercent change (↓decrease, ↑increase).
^dDenotes significant within group improvement between the baseline and 8-weeks treatment period.
^eSignificant group × time interaction.

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