Table 2 Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression models of poor academic performance on first language.

From: The impact of psychopathology on academic performance in school-age children and adolescents

Independent variables

Model 0

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Psychiatric symptoms

Withdrawn

1.16 (1.13–1.18)*

1.12 (1.10–1.14)*

1.03 (1.00–1.05)

1.02 (0.99–1.05)

Somatic complaints

1.14 (1.11–1.18)*

1.11 (1.08–1.15)*

1.00 (0.97–1.03)

0.99 (0.95–1.03)

Anxious/depressed

1.08 (1.07–1.09)*

1.06 (1.05–1.08)*

0.94 (0.92–0.95)*

0.93 (0.91–0.95)*

Social problems

1.26 (1.23–1.29)*

1.22 (1.19–1.25)*

1.02 (0.99–1.06)

1.02 (0.98–1.06)

Thought problems

1.37 (1.30–1.44)*

1.29 (1.22–1.35)*

0.84 (0.78–0.89)*

0.82 (0.77–0.89)*

Attention problems

1.25 (1.23–1.27)*

1.23 (1.21–1.24)*

1.28 (1.25–1.31)*

1.26 (1.23–1.29)*

Delinquent behavior

1.31 (1.28–1.35)*

1.25 (1.22–1.29)*

1.09 (1.05–1.13)*

1.06 (1.01–1.10)

Aggressive behavior

1.09 (1.08–1.10)*

1.08 (1.07–1.09)*

0.99 (0.98–1.01)

1.00 (0.98–1.02)

Sociodemographic factors

Gender (ref. Boys)

0.55 (0.50–0.60)*

 

0.73 (0.66–0.81)*

0.67 (0.60–0.76)*

Age

1.12 (1.09–1.14)*

 

1.10 (1.08–1.13)*

1.07 (1.03–1.10)*

Type of school (ref. Public)

0.68 (0.41–1.15)

 

1.09 (0.71–1.66)

1.17 (0.78–1.75)

Socioeconomic status

0.96 (0.95–0.96)*

 

0.96 (0.96–0.97)*

0.96 (0.96–0.97)*

Ethnicity (ref. Native)

1.67 (1.47–1.90)*

 

1.35 (1.18–1.54)*

1.16 (0.99–1.36)

Stressful life events

Adoption (ref. No)

2.61 (1.86–3.66)*

  

1.92 (1.25–2.96)

Parental divorce/separation (ref. No)

1.96 (1.74–2.22)*

  

1.36 (1.17–1.58)*

Grade retention (ref. No)

9.47 (7.32–12.2)*

  

3.38 (2.45–4.65)*

Lifestyle variables

Frequency of screen use

1.51 (1.40–1.63)*

  

1.09 (0.99–1.20)

Sleeping hours

0.85 (0.79–0.90)*

  

1.01 (0.92–1.11)

Three meals a day (ref. No)

0.45 (0.37–0.55)*

  

0.68 (0.53–0.86)*

  1. Model 0: crude analysis; Model 1 (n = 6602): adjusted for sociodemographic factors; Model 2 (n = 6602): adjusted for sociodemographic factors and other mental health problems; Model 3 (n = 4992): adjusted for sociodemographic factors, other mental health problems, stressful life events, and lifestyle variables.
  2. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.
  3. *Significance threshold for the Bonferroni correction at p ≤ 0.003.
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