Table 4 Mixed-effects ordinal logistic regression models of poor academic performance on mathematics.

From: The impact of psychopathology on academic performance in school-age children and adolescents

Independent variables

Model 0

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Psychiatric symptoms

Withdrawn

1.12 (1.10–1.14)*

1.09 (1.07–1.11)*

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

0.98 (0.95–1.01)

Somatic complaints

1.15 (1.12–1.18)*

1.11 (1.08–1.14)*

1.01 (0.98–1.05)

1.01 (0.97–1.04)

Anxious/depressed

1.07 (1.06–1.08)*

1.06 (1.04–1.07)*

0.95 (0.93–0.97)*

0.95 (0.93–0.97)*

Social problems

1.23 (1.20–1.26)*

1.19 (1.17–1.22)*

1.03 (1.00–1.07)

1.03 (1.00–1.07)

Thought problems

1.31 (1.25–1.37)*

1.25 (1.19–1.31)*

0.87 (0.82–0.93)*

0.85 (0.79–0.91)*

Attention problems

1.20 (1.18–1.22)*

1.19 (1.17–1.21)*

1.23 (1.20–1.26)*

1.22 (1.19–1.25)*

Delinquent behavior

1.28 (1.24–1.31)*

1.24 (1.20–1.27)*

1.11 (1.07–1.15)*

1.08 (1.04–1.13)*

Aggressive behavior

1.07 (1.07–1.08)*

1.07 (1.06–1.08)*

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

1.00 (0.98–1.01)

Sociodemographic factors

Gender (ref. Boys)

0.93 (0.85–1.02)

 

1.29 (1.17–1.43)*

1.23 (1.09–1.38)*

Age

1.14 (1.12–1.16)*

 

1.13 (1.11–1.16)*

1.10 (1.06–1.13)*

Type of school (ref. Public)

0.68 (0.36–1.28)

 

1.05 (0.70–1.57)

1.18 (0.85–1.64)

Socioeconomic status

0.96 (0.95–0.96)*

 

0.97 (0.96–0.97)*

0.97 (0.96–0.97)*

Ethnicity (ref. Native)

1.66 (1.46–1.88)*

 

1.34 (1.18–1.53)*

1.19 (1.02–1.39)

Stressful life events

Adoption (ref. No)

2.59 (1.86–3.60)*

  

1.81 (1.19–2.74)

Parental divorce/separation (ref. No)

1.91 (1.70–2.15)*

  

1.29 (1.11–1.49)*

Grade retention (ref. No)

6.87 (5.44–8.67)*

  

2.96 (2.20–3.97)*

Lifestyle variables

Frequency of screen use

1.49 (1.38–1.61)*

  

1.08 (0.98–1.19)

Sleeping hours

0.82 (0.77–0.87)*

  

1.03 (0.94–1.13)

Three meals a day (ref. No)

0.43 (0.36–0.52)*

  

0.73 (0.58–0.92)

  1. Model 0: crude analysis; Model 1 (n = 6599): adjusted for sociodemographic factors; Model 2 (n = 6599): adjusted for sociodemographic factors and other mental health problems; Model 3 (n = 4991): adjusted for sociodemographic factors, other mental health problems, stressful life events, and lifestyle variables.
  2. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval.
  3. *Significance threshold for the Bonferroni correction at p ≤ 0.003.
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