Table 2 Odds ratio (95% CI) of CI-AKI according to the categories of electrolytes and osmotic pressure.

From: Admission electrolyte and osmotic pressure levels are associated with the incidence of contrast-associated acute kidney injury

 

Ratio of CI-AKI (%)

Model 1*

P for trend

Model 2†

P for trend

Model 3‡

P for trend

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Odds ratio (95% CI)

Sodium

 < 135.0 mmol/L

81/281 (28.8)

2.313 (1.726 to 3.101)

 < 0.001

2.359 (1.755 to 3.172)

 < 0.001

1.897 (1.395 to 2.581)

 < 0.001

135.0–138.9 mmol/L

276/1269 (21.7)

1.668 (1.383 to 2.011)

1.721 (1.424 to 2.08)

1.621 (1.334 to 1.97)

139.0–141.9 mmol/L

264/1881 (14.0)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

142.0–144.9 mmol/L

133/811 (16.4)

1.184 (0.943 to 1.488)

0.012

1.165 (0.926 to 1.465)

0.021

1.172 (0.926 to 1.484)

0.054

 ≥ 145.0 mmol/L

33/144 (22.9)

1.811 (1.198 to 2.738)

1.757 (1.16 to 2.661)

1.636 (1.063 to 2.518)

Chloride

 < 99.0 mmol/L

57/170 (33.5%)

2.577 (1.799 to 3.691)

 < 0.001

2.555 (1.78 to 3.667)

 < 0.001

1.861 (1.275 to 2.715)

0.001

99.0–102.9 mmol/L

155/639 (24.3%)

1.743 (1.373 to 2.213)

1.756 (1.381 to 2.234)

 

1.423 (1.107 to 1.828)

103.0–106.9 mmol/L

290/1823 (15.9%)

1.072 (0.878 to 1.307)

1.072 (0.878 to 1.309)

0.495

1.03 (0.841 to 1.263)

107.0–109.9 mmol/L

193/1275 (15.1%)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

 ≥ 110.0 mmol/L

92/479 (19.2%)

1.331 (1.01 to 1.753)

0.042

1.35 (1.024 to 1.781)

0.034

1.345 (1.01 to 1.792)

0.043

Potassium

 < 3.50 mmol/L

91/467 (19.5)

1.2 (0.929 to 1.552)

0.163

1.186 (0.916 to 1.536)

0.196

1.157 (0.886 to 1.511)

0.288

3.50–4.09 mmol/L

377/2364 (15.9)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

4.10–4.79 mmol/L

264/1393 (19.0)

1.19 (0.998 to 1.418)

 < 0.001

1.199 (1.005 to 1.431)

 < 0.001

1.203 (1.004 to 1.442)

 < 0.001

4.80–5.49 mmol/L

45/147 (30.6)

2.176 (1.492 to 3.173)

2.177 (1.491 to 3.18)

1.944 (1.31 to 2.887)

 ≥ 5.50 mmol/L

10/15 (66.7)

10.114 (3.396 to 0.122)

10.938 (3.641 to 32.857)

9.386 (2.983 to 29.536)

Calcium

 < 2.00 mmol/L

74/200 (37.0)

2.949 (2.142 to 4.059)

 < 0.001

3.009 (2.178 to 4.155)

 < 0.001

2.613 (1.87 to 3.652)

 < 0.001

2.00–2.24 mmol/L

397/2030 (19.6)

1.261 (1.06 to 1.501)

1.303 (1.093 to 1.553)

1.221 (1.02 to 1.462)

2.25–2.40 mmol/L

255/1647 (15.5)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

2.41–2.57 mmol/L

55/446 (12.3)

0.821 (0.599 to 1.125)

0.212

0.789 (0.574 to 1.084)

0.115

0.841 (0.608 to 1.164)

0.330

 ≥ 2.58 mmol/L

6/63 (9.5)

0.556 (0.236 to 1.308)

0.499 (0.211 to 1.183)

0.604 (0.253 to 1.442)

Magnesium

 < 0.75 mmol/L

151/566 (26.7)

1.968 (1.519 to 2.55)

 < 0.001

1.93 (1.488 to 2.504)

 < 0.001

1.748 (1.335 to 2.288)

 < 0.001

0.75–0.90 mmol/L

422/2504 (16.9)

1.143 (0.936 to 1.397)

1.145 (0.936 to 1.399)

1.086 (0.884 to 1.334)

0.91–1.07 mmol/L

174/1197 (14.5)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1.08–1.24 mmol/L

27/89 (30.3)

2.341 (1.368 to 4.005)

 < 0.001

2.382 (1.386 to 4.094)

 < 0.001

2.328 (1.312 to 4.132)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 1.25 mmol/L

13/30 (43.3)

3.92 (1.669 to 9.206)

3.966 (1.671 to 9.415)

2.814 (1.12 to 7.07)

Phosphate

 < 0.96 mmol/L

197/1047 (18.8)

1.232 (0.996 to 1.524)

0.055

1.345 (1.082 to 1.673)

0.008

1.356 (1.083 to 1.698)

0.008

0.96–1.28 mmol/L

383/2468 (15.5)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1.29–1.61 mmol/L

133/699 (19.0)

1.39 (1.095 to 1.765)

 < 0.001

1.317 (1.034 to 1.677)

 < 0.001

1.318 (1.028 to 1.689)

 < 0.001

1.62–1.94 mmol/L

28/105 (26.7)

1.843 (1.034 to 3.286)

1.838 (1.029 to 3.286)

1.443 (0.779 to 2.673)

 ≥ 1.95 mmol/L

46/67 (68.7)

12.318 (5.652 to 6.846)

12.31 (5.627 to 26.932)

14.348 (6.162 to 33.41)

Osmotic pressure

 < 280.0 mOsm/kg

45/165 (27.3)

1.752 (1.218 to 2.519)

0.008

1.838 (1.275 to 2.649)

0.005

1.528 (1.045 to 2.234)

0.090

280.0–289.9 mOsm/kg

249/1519 (16.4)

0.993 (0.832 to 1.185)

1.058 (0.883 to 1.267)

1.029 (0.856 to 1.237)

290.0–299.9 mOsm/kg

376/2294 (16.4)

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

1 (reference)

 

300.0–309.9 mOsm/kg

89/350 (25.4)

1.681 (1.277 to 2.213)

 < 0.001

1.65 (1.252 to 2.176)

 < 0.001

1.65 (1.252 to 2.176)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 310.0 mOsm/kg

28/58 (48.3)

4.811 (2.787 to 8.305)

4.69 (2.715 to 8.104)

4.69 (2.715 to 8.104)

  1. *Model 1: Adjusted for age (< 65 years or ≥ 65 years) and eGFR (< 30, 30–59, 60–89, or ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m2).
  2. †Model 2: Adjusted for age (< 65 years or ≥ 65 years) and eGFR (< 30, 30–59, 60–89, or ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73m2), gender (male or female), diabetes (yes or no), hypertension (yes or no), current smoker (yes or no),current drinker (yes or no).
  3. ‡Model 3: Additionlly adjusted for type of contrast agent (ioversol, iopamidol, or iodixanol), pre-admission of furosemide injection (yes or no), pre-admission of dopamine (yes or no).
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