Table 1 Explanatory characteristics of the MAP-related diabetes studies included in the meta-analysis.

From: Systematic and meta-analysis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis related type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

S/n	Author	MAP + DM patients	DM patients	MAP + HCs	HCs	DM patients age (years)	HC age (years)	DM*	M/F_dm\M/F_hc	Method	DM type	Nation	Continent
1	Bitti et al.³⁴ 2012	76//30	247	5//5	110	nt	nt	nt	nt	ELISA//PCR	T1DM	Italy	Europe
2	Niegowska et al.⁴⁷ 2016b	26	32	4	42	^×8.90 ± 3.52	^×6.90 ± 3.55		19/13\	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
3	Masala et al.⁴¹ 2011	9//19	34	4//13	63	34.5 ± 7.7	38.5 ± 12.8	nt	nt	ELISA//PCR	T1DM	Italy	Europe
4	Masala et al.⁴² 2012	23	50	4	51	^×33.5 ± 7	^×36.36 ± 7	AADC	nt	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
5	Pinna et al.⁴³ 2013	6	23	2	39	nt	nt	nt	nt	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
6	Pinna et al.⁴⁴ 2014t1	11	62	3	81	48.6 ± 13.5	48 ± 12	FPGL/ GPL	31/31\39/42	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
7	Sechi et al.⁴⁵ 2008a	32	59	2	59	36 ± 10.70	37 ± 12.29	nt	32/27\36/23	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
8	Sechi et al.³⁹ 2008b	29	46	8	50	nt	nt	nt	nt	PCR	T1DM	Italy	Europe
9	Masala et al.³⁸ 2014	25	107	9	100	^×9.4 ± 5	^×9.3 ± 3.5	AADCC	27/32\32/28	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
10	Rosu et al.⁴⁶ 2009t1	27	57	10	79	nt	nt	nt	29/28\	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
11	Niegowska et al.⁴⁰ 2016zn	38	54	7	42	9.42 ± 3.84	6.94 ± 3.58	TAP	27/27\	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
12	Shariati et al.³⁵ 2016	9//15	29	9//0	29	^×17.2	^×16.3		7/22\	ELISA//PCR	T1DM	Iran	Asia
13	Cossu et al.¹² 2011t1	21	43	2	48	35.5 ± 11.3	37.0 ± 12.85	nt	21/21\30/18	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
14	Noli et al.³⁶ 2021	13	45	2	45	12.6//7.8**	11.8	AADC	46/25\16/29	ELISA	T1DM	Italy	Europe
15	Naser et al.⁴⁸ 2013t1	3	10	3	6	nt	nt	nt	7/5\1/5	PCR	T1DM	USA	North America
16	Paccagnini et al.³⁹ 2009	33	59	18	76	^z18–94	nt	nt	nt	PCR	T1DM	Italy	Europe
17	Pinna et al. ⁴⁴ 2014t2	6	80	3	81	^×66.6 ± 74	^×48 ± 12	sm	51/29\39/42	ELISA	T2DM	Italy	Europe
18	Naser et al.⁴⁸ 2013t2	1	2	3	6	nt	nt	nt	nt	PCR	T2DM	USA	North America
19	Rosu et al.⁴⁶ 2009t2	4	57	10	79	nt	nt	nt	36/21\	ELISA	T2DM	Italy	Europe
20	Cossu et al.¹² 2011t2	5	56	2	48	^×66.0 ± 8.71	^×37.0 ± 12.85	nt	36/20\30/18	ELISA	T2DM	Italy	Europe

AADC: American Association of Diabetes criteria, ^x = median age instead of mean age (or, z = age range) reported in the column; nt = not reported; **dm with onset of DM; FPGL = fasting plasma glucose level > 126 mg/dL; GPL PGL = plasma glucose level > 200 mg/dL 2 h. after a 75-g oral glucose load in a glucose tolerance test (as defined by the WHO); TAP = T1D-related autoantibodies positivity.

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Table 1 Explanatory characteristics of the MAP-related diabetes studies included in the meta-analysis.

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