Table 2 Risk factors of adverse birth outcomes in singletons conceived with IVF.

From: Association of adverse birth outcomes with in vitro fertilization after controlling infertility factors based on a singleton live birth cohort

Variable

Variable level

PTB

LBW

Macrosomia

SGA

LGA

N

Rate (%)

OR (95%CI)

N

Rate (%)

OR (95%CI)

N

Rate (%)

OR (95%CI)

N

Rate (%)

OR (95%CI)

N

Rate (%)

OR (95%CI)

Year of birth

Change per year

–

–

0.94(0.90,0.98)

–

–

0.98(0.93,1.04)

–

–

0.99(0.95,1.03)

–

–

1.01(0.96,1.06)

–

–

0.97(0.94,1.00)

Maternal age

20–29 years

166

6.76

Ref

101

4.11

Ref

226

9.20

Ref

127

5.17

Ref

451

18.36

Ref

30–34 years

263

6.35

0.87(0.71,1.07)

172

4.15

0.95(0.74,1.23)

361

8.72

0.88(0.73,1.05)

192

4.64

0.93(0.73,1.17)

730

17.63

0.90(0.78,1.02)

35–39 years

142

6.42

0.86(0.67,1.11)

87

3.93

0.89(0.65,1.22)

187

8.46

0.80(0.64,0.99)

116

5.25

1.11(0.84,1.47)

395

17.87

0.86(0.73,1.01)

 ≥ 40 years

45

9.78

1.29(0.88,1.88)

21

4.57

1.03(0.61,1.72)

34

7.39

0.62(0.41,0.92)

24

5.22

1.17(0.72,1.87)

81

17.61

0.77(0.58,1.02)

Pregestational BMI

 < 18.5

65

6.01

1.02(0.77,1.34)

39

3.60

0.97(0.69,1.37)

45

4.16

0.48(0.35,0.65)

86

7.95

1.84(1.43,2.37)

103

9.52

0.50(0.40,0.62)

18.5–23.9

395

6.08

Ref

247

3.80

Ref

518

7.98

Ref

292

4.50

Ref

1114

17.16

Ref

24–28

120

8.82

1.42(1.15,1.77)

72

5.29

1.41(1.07,1.85)

200

14.70

2.03(1.70,2.43)

68

5.00

1.15(0.88,1.51)

360

26.45

1.75(1.52,2.01)

 ≥ 28

36

10.84

1.68(1.16,2.44)

23

6.93

1.84(1.17,2.90)

45

13.55

1.89(1.35,2.64)

13

3.92

0.92(0.52,1.63)

80

24.10

1.55(1.19,2.03)

Gender

Boy

347

7.03

Ref

184

3.73

Ref

516

10.45

Ref

228

4.62

Ref

882

17.86

Ref

Girl

269

6.22

0.89(0.75,1.05)

197

4.55

1.23(1.00,1.52)

292

6.75

0.62(0.53,0.72)

231

5.34

1.17(0.97,1.42)

775

17.91

1.01(0.91,1.12)

Parity

0

542

6.43

Ref

350

4.15

Ref

721

8.55

Ref

427

5.06

Ref

1479

17.54

Ref

1

70

8.89

1.41(1.07,1.85)

29

3.68

0.94(0.63,1.40)

82

10.42

1.18(0.92,1.52)

31

3.94

0.77(0.52,1.13)

166

21.09

1.22(1.01,1.47)

 ≥ 2

4

8.51

1.31(0.46,3.70)

2

4.26

1.09(0.26,4.59)

5

10.64

1.19(0.46,3.06)

1

2.13

0.42(0.06,3.06)

12

25.53

1.58(0.81,3.08)

Year of infertility

 < 5 years

424

6.32

Ref

265

3.95

Ref

583

8.69

Ref

339

5.05

Ref

1187

17.69

Ref

5–10 years

162

7.59

1.15(0.95,1.40)

98

4.59

1.11(0.87,1.42)

189

8.86

0.99(0.82,1.18)

101

4.74

0.96(0.76,1.22)

389

18.24

0.99(0.87,1.13)

 ≥ 10 years

30

7.08

1.01(0.68,1.52)

18

4.25

1.03(0.62,1.72)

36

8.49

0.97(0.67,1.40)

19

4.48

0.88(0.54,1.45)

81

19.10

1.03(0.79,1.34)

Number of failure cycle

0

368

6.37

Ref

228

3.95

Ref

485

8.40

Ref

299

5.18

Ref

1005

17.40

Ref

1

99

6.10

0.87(0.69,1.11)

57

3.51

0.86(0.63,1.17)

153

9.43

1.17(0.96,1.43)

69

4.25

0.80(0.60,1.05)

300

18.48

1.07(0.92,1.24)

2

69

8.03

1.20(0.91,1.58)

43

5.01

1.24(0.88,1.75)

78

9.08

1.16(0.90,1.51)

40

4.66

0.88(0.62,1.24)

159

18.51

1.10(0.91,1.34)

 ≥ 3

80

7.94

1.16(0.88,1.51)

53

5.26

1.29(0.93,1.79)

92

9.13

1.17(0.91,1.50)

51

5.06

0.97(0.70,1.33)

193

19.15

1.16(0.96,1.38)

Sperm

Husband sperm

608

6.66

Ref

372

4.08

Ref

799

8.76

Ref

449

4.92

Ref

1635

17.92

Ref

Donor sperm

8

5.63

0.84(0.40,1.78)

9

6.34

1.42(0.68,2.93)

9

6.34

0.73(0.36,1.49)

10

7.04

1.45(0.72,2.90)

22

15.49

0.80(0.49,1.29)

Embryo transfer

Fresh

37

5.51

Ref

25

3.72

Ref

56

8.33

Ref

28

4.17

Ref

118

17.56

Ref

Frozen

579

6.74

1.51(1.03,2.21)

356

4.14

1.14(0.72,1.81)

752

8.75

1.07(0.77,1.47)

431

5.01

1.20(0.78,1.84)

1539

17.91

1.13(0.90,1.43)

Unexplained

No

603

6.63

Ref

373

4.10

Ref

795

8.74

Ref

447

4.91

Ref

1626

17.87

Ref

Yes

13

7.83

1.29(0.69,2.41)

8

4.82

1.51(0.69,3.29)

13

7.83

0.74(0.40,1.36)

12

7.23

1.45(0.75,2.81)

31

18.67

0.92(0.60,1.42)

Semen abnormalities

No

515

6.59

Ref

309

3.95

Ref

688

8.81

Ref

385

4.93

Ref

1397

17.88

Ref

Yes

101

6.95

1.08(0.86,1.35)

72

4.95

1.31(1.00,1.71)

120

8.25

0.90(0.74,1.11)

74

5.09

1.04(0.80,1.35)

260

17.88

0.99(0.85,1.15)

Endometriosis

No

532

6.52

Ref

325

3.98

Ref

726

8.89

Ref

400

4.90

Ref

1484

18.18

Ref

Yes

84

7.62

1.29(1.01,1.65)

56

5.08

1.37(1.01,1.85)

82

7.43

0.85(0.66,1.08)

59

5.35

1.05(0.78,1.40)

173

15.68

0.88(0.73,1.05)

PCOS

No

542

6.35

Ref

342

4.01

Ref

746

8.74

Ref

432

5.06

Ref

1517

17.77

Ref

Yes

74

10.11

1.65(1.25,2.18)

39

5.33

1.30(0.90,1.87)

62

8.47

0.74(0.55,0.99)

27

3.69

0.74(0.49,1.12)

140

19.13

0.90(0.73,1.10)

Other ovulation failure

No

588

6.60

Ref

363

4.08

Ref

779

8.75

Ref

436

4.90

Ref

1605

18.02

Ref

Yes

28

7.76

1.28(0.85,1.92)

18

4.99

1.36(0.83,2.24)

29

8.03

0.88(0.59,1.32)

23

6.37

1.33(0.85,2.08)

52

14.40

0.75(0.55,1.02)

Tubal factor

No

112

7.87

Ref

67

4.71

Ref

128

9.00

Ref

79

5.55

Ref

265

18.62

Ref

Yes

504

6.43

0.95(0.74,1.21)

314

4.00

1.03(0.76,1.40)

680

8.67

0.88(0.70,1.11)

380

4.84

0.92(0.69,1.23)

1392

17.75

0.89(0.76,1.06)

Uterine factor

No

503

6.30

Ref

302

3.78

Ref

702

8.80

Ref

391

4.90

Ref

1438

18.02

Ref

Yes

113

8.78

1.42(1.14,1.77)

79

6.14

1.60(1.23,2.08)

106

8.24

0.89(0.72,1.11)

68

5.28

1.08(0.83,1.42)

219

17.02

0.90(0.77,1.06)

Others*

No

599

6.64

Ref

372

4.13

Ref

783

8.69

Ref

449

4.98

Ref

1609

17.85

Ref

Yes

17

6.75

1.05(0.63,1.75)

9

3.57

0.80(0.40,1.59)

25

9.92

1.21(0.78,1.87)

10

3.97

0.68(0.35,1.30)

48

19.05

1.18(0.85,1.65)

  1. *Others: including chromosomal abnormality, immune factors, pituitary lesions and sexual dysfunction.
  2. Statistical differences are shown in bold.
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