Table 1 Demographic characteristics of premature infants with and without retinopathy of prematurity.

From: Neurodevelopmental outcomes in very low birthweight infants with retinopathy of prematurity in a nationwide cohort study

Characteristics

Total

Neurodevelopmentally assessed

Without ROP (n = 5842)

With ROP (n = 2779)

P-value

Without ROP (n = 1354)

With ROP (n = 778)

P-value

Maternal characteristics

Maternal PIH

1338/5842 (22.9%)

373/2779 (13.4%)

 < 0.001

291/1354 (21.5%)

100/778 (12.9%)

 < 0.001

Maternal steroid use

4617/5758 (80.2%)

2266/2723 (83.2%)

0.001

1084/1342 (80.8%)

637/764 (83.4%)

0.137

Chorioamnionitis

1475/4901 (30.1%)

1009/2323 (43.4%)

 < 0.001

390/1197 (32.6%)

301/693 (43.4%)

 < 0.001

Maternal PROM

1874/5798 (32.3%)

1126/2757 (40.8%)

 < 0.001

466/1349 (34.5%)

317/771 (41.1%)

0.003

Maternal GDM

539/5842 (9.2%)

190/2779 (6.8%)

 < 0.001

129/1354 (9.5%)

42/778 (5.4%)

0.001

Low maternal education level†

87/4579 (1.9%)

31/2128 (1.5%)

0.199

9/1135 (0.8%)

7/677 (1.0%)

0.596

Neonatal characteristics and comorbidities

Male sex

2942/5842 (50.4%)

1389/2779 (50.0%)

0.743

681/1354 (50.3%)

388/778 (49.9%)

0.851

Gestational age, mean (SD), weeks

29.8 (2.3)

26.7 (2.2)

 < 0.001

29.3 (2.3)

26.3 (2.1)

0.007

Birth weight, mean (SD), g

1209.0 (209.7)

934.2 (249.6)

 < 0.001

1170.7 (221.9)

890.7 (243.5)

0.043

5-min Apgar score, mean (SD)

7.3 (1.6)

6.4 (1.8)

 < 0.001

7.1 (1.5)

6.2 (1.8)

 < 0.001

Sepsis

845/5840 (14.5%)

873/2779 (31.4%)

 < 0.001

187/1354 (13.8%)

236/778 (30.3%)

 < 0.001

NEC stage ≥ 2

175/5839 (3.0%)

256/2779 (9.2%)

 < 0.001

36/1353 (2.7%)

76/778 (9.8%)

 < 0.001

RDS

4062/5842 (69.5%)

2596/2779 (93.4%)

 < 0.001

971/1354 (71.7%)

740/778 (95.1%)

 < 0.001

BPD severity ≥ moderate

1120/5786 (19.4%)

1449/2772 (52.3%)

 < 0.001

291/1346 (21.6%)

408/777 (52.5%)

 < 0.001

Postnatal steroids for BPD

743/5842 (12.7%)

1339/2779 (48.2%)

 < 0.001

182/1354 (13.4%)

412/778 (53.0%)

 < 0.001

Supplementary oxygen use at 36 weeks of corrected age

979/5793 (16.9%)

1226/2772 (44.2%)

 < 0.001

259/1349 (19.2%)

325/777 (41.8%)

 < 0.001

Mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks of corrected age

691/5793 (11.9%)

1031/2772 (37.2%)

 < 0.001

158/1349 (11.7%)

283/777 (36.4%)

 < 0.001

IVH grade ≥ 3

169/5839 (2.9%)

338/2778 (12.2%)

 < 0.001

50/1353 (3.7%)

97/778 (12.5%)

 < 0.001

PVL

332/5836 (5.7%)

344/2775 (12.4%)

 < 0.001

78/1353 (5.8%)

81/777 (10.4%)

 < 0.001

PDA

1861/5740 (32.4%)

1682/2691 (62.5%)

 < 0.001

492/1343 (36.6%)

514/744 (69.1%)

 < 0.001

PDA ligation

346/3918 (8.8%)

582/2200 (26.5%)

 < 0.001

84/1343 (6.3%)

168/744 (22.6%)

 < 0.001

  1. ROP retinopathy of prematurity, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, PROM premature rupture of membranes, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, RDS respiratory distress syndrome, BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia, NEC necrotizing enterocolitis, IVH intraventricular hemorrhage, PDA patent ductus arteriosus, PVL periventricular leukomalacia.
  2. *For categorical variables, the chi-squared test was used to compare the groups. For continuous variables, unpaired T-test was used to compare the groups.
  3. †Low maternal education level indicates less than high school.
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