Table 2 Main results and gait parameters for the LLTE feet (labeled a), College Park Horizon LT feet (labeled b) and the participant’s daily-use feet (labeled c) while walking over-ground at self-selected speed.

From: Biomechanical evaluation over level ground walking of user-specific prosthetic feet designed using the lower leg trajectory error framework

Variables

LLTE\(^{\text{a}}\)

Horizon LT\(^{\text{b}}\)

Daily-use\(^{\text{c}}\)

Effect of foot

Walking speed [m/s]

1.18 ± 0.16

1.18 ± 0.21

1.23 ± 0.13

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.307

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.145

Froude number [–]

0.17 ± 0.04

0.17 ± 0.06

0.18 ± 0.03

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.319

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.085

Stance time symmetry [–]

94.2 ± 4.8

95.3 ± 3.6

94.0 ± 3.7

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.938

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.949

Step width [m]

0.13 ± 0.3

0.13 ± 0.4

0.13 ± 0.3

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.979

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.861

Trunk sway range of motion [deg]

6.6 ± 3.6

6.2 ± 3.1

6.3 ± 2.9

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.113

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.598

Peak dorsiflexion angle [deg]

11.1 ± 1.4

8.7 ± 0.8*

10.9 ± 4.8

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.989

Peak plantarflexion angle [deg]

5.4 ± 0.8

7.7 ± 1.3*

8.9 ± 2.4*

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

Roll over shape radius [m/m]

0.33 ± 0.05

0.48 ± 0.14*

0.37 ± 0.07*

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.001

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.032

Effective foot length ratio (EFLR) [m/m]

0.78 ± 0.07

0.72 ± 0.05*

0.76 ± 0.05*

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

Energy returned by prosthetic foot [J/kg]

0.21 ± 0.08

0.13 ± 0.04*

0.16 ± 0.07*

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

Peak prosthetic foot push off power [W/kg]

2.2 ± 0.5

1.2 ± 0.3*

1.7 ± 0.8*

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

CoM collision work by prosthetic leg [J/kg]

− 0.05 ± 0.03

− 0.06 ± 0.03

− 0.08 ± 0.03*

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.323

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

CoM propulsion work by prosthetic leg [J/kg]

0.18 ± 0.06

0.12 ± 0.03*

0.15 ± 0.05*

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

CoM collision work by intact leg [J/kg]

− 0.05 ± 0.03

− 0.10 ± 0.06*

− 0.09 ± 0.05*

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

CoM propulsion work by intact leg [J/kg]

0.27 ± 0.05

0.26 ± 0.05

0.26 ± 0.05

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.301

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.184

Horizontal GRF second peak on prosthetic leg [N/N]

0.15 ± 0.04

0.11 ± 0.04*

0.12 ± 0.03*

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

Vertical GRF first peak on intact leg [N/N]

1.04 ± 0.07

1.16 ± 0.10*

1.11 ± 0.04*

\(p_{ab} < 0.001\)

\(p_{ac} < 0.001\)

Intact leg peak knee abduction moment [Nm/kg]

0.26 ± 0.06

0.28 ± 0.05

0.29 ± 0.07*

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.109

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.011

Intact leg peak knee flexion moment [Nm/kg]

0.40 ± 0.11

0.49 ± 0.16*

0.53 ± 0.19*

\(p_{ab}\) = 0.003

\(p_{ac}\) = 0.002

  1. Values shown here are averaged across all the participants. p values between two prosthetic foot condition are shown in the table with the subscript referring to the foot condition’s label. Significant differences to the LLTE feet are denoted by an asterisk *.
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