Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 26,419 cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest.
All patients | Patients with HF alone | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Other | HF alone | HF with acute MI | Acute MI alone | p | SMD | HF no LVEF measurement | LVEF < 40% | LVEF 40–49% | LVEF ≥ 50% | p | SMD | |
n | 13,720 | 6378 | 2111 | 4210 | 2875 | 2032 | 774 | 697 | ||||
Age—mean (SD) | 70.59 (14.60) | 75.56 (11.39) | 75.66 (10.37) | 72.30 (11.94) | < 0.001 | 0.249 | 78.17 (10.56) | 71.80 (12.15) | 75.38 (10.60) | 75.97 (10.17) | < 0.001 | 0.296 |
Woman—n (%) | 5753 (41.9) | 2248 (35.3) | 664 (31.5) | 1481 (35.2) | < 0.001 | 0.109 | 1149 (40.0) | 530 (26.1) | 224 (29.0) | 345 (49.5) | < 0.001 | 0.286 |
LVEF (%)—mean (SD) | 52.82 (9.95) | 35.78 (13.28) | 33.94 (11.39) | 47.78 (11.44) | < 0.001 | 1.003 | NA | 26.51 (7.42) | 42.47 (2.55) | 55.35 (5.90) | < 0.001 | NA |
HF with LVEF < 50%—n (%) | NA | 697 (19.9) | 141 (11.2) | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 697 (100.0) | NA | NA |
Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
MI, previous—n (%) | 1671 (12.7) | 2306 (38.1) | 1063 (53.1) | 1005 (24.8) | < 0.001 | 0.512 | 864 (32.1) | 964 (49.5) | 284 (38.0) | 194 ( 28.9) | < 0.001 | 0.235 |
Stroke, ongoing—n (%) | 517 (4.0) | 138 (2.2) | 49 (2.4) | 77 (1.9) | < 0.001 | 0.064 | 70 (2.6) | 42 (2.1) | 16 (2.1) | 10 (1.5) | 0.350 | 0.039 |
Stroke, previous—n (%) | 1448 (10.9) | 859 (13.6) | 280 (13.4) | 429 (10.4) | < 0.001 | 0.063 | 420 (14.9) | 253 (12.5) | 102 (13.3) | 84 (12.1) | 0.067 | 0.044 |
Cancer, any—n (%) | 3011 (22.9) | 1027 (16.5) | 261 (12.6) | 555 (13.5) | < 0.001 | 0.150 | 502 (18.0) | 277 (13.9) | 133 (17.4) | 115 (16.9) | 0.002 | 0.058 |
Diabetes—n (%) | 2834 (21.2) | 2287 (36.1) | 805 (38.4) | 949 (22.9) | < 0.001 | 0.240 | 956 (33.7) | 770 (38.1) | 286 (37.0) | 275 (39.5) | 0.003 | 0.064 |
Location of cardiac arrest | ||||||||||||
CCU—n (%) | 1345 (9.8) | 1135 (17.8) | 707 (33.5) | 1101 (26.2) | 332 (11.5) | 560 (27.6) | 140 (18.1) | 103 (14.8) | ||||
ICU—n (%) | 1382 (10.1) | 574 (9.0) | 205 (9.7) | 230 (5.5) | 203 (7.1) | 251 (12.4) | 76 ( 9.8) | 44 (6.3) | ||||
OR—n (%) | 385 (2.8) | 96 (1.5) | 13 (0.6) | 13 (0.3) | 50 (1.7) | 24 (1.2) | 11 (1.4) | 11 (1.6) | ||||
ER—n (%) | 1524 (11.1) | 520 (8.2) | 181 (8.6) | 564 (13.4) | 275 (9.6) | 138 (6.8) | 57 (7.4) | 50 (7.2) | ||||
Outpatient lab, radiology—n (%) | 680 (5.0) | 231 (3.6) | 52 (2.5) | 106 (2.5) | 96 (3.3) | 65 (3.2) | 34 (4.4) | 36 (5.2) | ||||
Cathlab—n (%) | 418 (3.0) | 117 (1.8) | 249 (11.8) | 1235 (29.3) | 27 (0.9) | 61 (3.0) | 17 (2.2) | 12 (1.7) | ||||
IMW—n (%) | 115 (0.8) | 38 (0.6) | 5 (0.2) | 4 (0.1) | 17 (0.6) | 9 (0.4) | 6 (0.8) | 6 (0.9) | ||||
Regular ward—n (%) | 7518 (54.8) | 3533 (55.4) | 673 (31.9) | 879 (20.9) | 1813 (63.1) | 875 (43.1) | 422 (54.5) | 423 (60.7) | ||||
Other—n (%) | 353 (2.6) | 134 (2.1) | 26 (1.2) | 78 (1.9) | 62 (2.2) | 49 (2.4) | 11 (1.4) | 12 (1.7) | ||||
Monitoring, witnessed status and initial rhythm | ||||||||||||
ECG monitoring—n (%) | 6035 (44.7) | 2991 (47.5) | 1497 (71.5) | 3260 (78.1) | < 0.001 | 0.446 | 1063 (37.5) | 1258 (62.6) | 397 (51.6) | 273 (39.7) | < 0.001 | 0.297 |
Witnessed arrest—n (%) | 10,552 (78.3) | 4865 (77.6) | 1819 (87.4) | 3791 (91.0) | < 0.001 | 0.229 | 2052 (72.8) | 1678 (83.6) | 608 (80.4) | 527 (76.8) | < 0.001 | 0.148 |
Shockable initial rhythm—n (%) | 2053 (16.4) | 1576 (26.5) | 822 (41.2) | 1964 (49.4) | < 0.001 | 0.421 | 469 (17.6) | 801 (42.1) | 197 (27.2) | 109 (16.8) | < 0.001 | 0.326 |
Time delays | ||||||||||||
Time to alert—median (IQR) | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | < 0.001 | 0.021 | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | 1.00 [1.00, 1.00] | 0.013 | 0.029 |
Time to CPR—median (IQR) | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 0.00] | < 0.001 | 0.026 | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.005 | 0.038 |
Time to defibrillation—median (IQR) | 3.00 [1.00, 7.00] | 2.00 [1.00, 5.00] | 2.00 [1.00, 4.00] | 1.00 [0.00, 3.00] | < 0.001 | 0.053 | 3.00 [1.00, 7.00] | 2.00 [1.00, 4.00] | 2.00 [1.00, 7.00] | 3.00 [2.00, 7.00] | < 0.001 | 0.052 |
Acute management | ||||||||||||
CPR before rescue team arrival—n (%) | 11,475 (92.4) | 5411 (92.8) | 1762 (92.2) | 3256 (91.3) | 0.067 | 0.029 | 2531 (93.2) | 1617 (91.6) | 653 (92.9) | 610 (94.0) | 0.129 | 0.048 |
Defibrillated before rescue team arrival—n (%) | 1221 (12.7) | 941 (20.1) | 523 (32.4) | 1239 (40.4) | < 0.001 | 0.376 | 299 (13.9) | 449 (30.9) | 121 (21.3) | 72 (14.4) | < 0.001 | 0.238 |
Defibrillated, any—n (%) | 3117 (23.2) | 2090 (33.4) | 989 (47.5) | 2277 (54.7) | < 0.001 | 0.384 | 700 (24.9) | 938 (46.9) | 285 (37.4) | 167 (24.5) | < 0.001 | 0.285 |
Ventilated—n (%) | 9230 (81.2) | 4509 (84.0) | 1448 (82.6) | 2453 (76.2) | < 0.001 | 0.104 | 2170 (86.2) | 1311 (82.0) | 528 (81.6) | 500 (82.1) | < 0.001 | 0.063 |
Intubated—n (%) | 7127 (53.9) | 2935 (47.7) | 938 (45.8) | 1751 (42.9) | < 0.001 | 0.117 | 1383 (49.9) | 838 (42.9) | 366 (48.9) | 348 (51.4) | < 0.001 | 0.089 |
Mechanical compressions—n (%) | 1317 (10.2) | 483 ( 8.0) | 230 (11.4) | 616 (15.3) | < 0.001 | 0.122 | 225 ( 8.3) | 160 (8.3) | 53 (7.2) | 45 (6.8) | 0.451 | 0.036 |
Adrenaline given—n (%) | 9028 (67.8) | 4132 (66.6) | 1374 (66.6) | 2333 (57.1) | < 0.001 | 0.111 | 1978 (70.5) | 1182 (60.4) | 507 (67.0) | 465 (68.2) | < 0.001 | 0.111 |
Antiarrythmics given—n (%) | 1350 (10.6) | 977 (16.3) | 517 (25.9) | 991 (25.0) | < 0.001 | 0.238 | 314 (11.7) | 467 (24.4) | 120 (16.4) | 76 (11.6) | < 0.001 | 0.193 |
