Table 2 Results of the generalized linear mixed model examining the impact of field type and time since habitat formation on the abundance and distribution of shorebird species visiting the paddies. The sample sizes of black-tailded godwits, common greenshanks, and wood sandpipers were 809, 250, and 465, respectively.

From: Impact of rice paddy agriculture on habitat usage of migratory shorebirds at the rice paddy scale in Korea

Response variable

Estimated

S.E

χ2

df

p

Black-tailed Godwit

Intercept

− 0.087

0.771

–

–

–

Period (Julian date)

21.934

0.220

13,945.190

1

 < 0.0001

Time since formation

3.813

0.166

1,287.243

1

 < 0.0001

Field type

1.496

0.148

475.989

2

 < 0.0001

Water level

2.617

0.143

12.571

1

 < 0.0001

Period \(\times\) Field type

25.268

0.249

478.114

2

 < 0.0001

Common Greenshank

Intercept

− 15.087

4.719

 

–

–

Period (Julian date)

4.404

1.031

14.429

1

 < 0.0001

Time since formation

0.543

0.111

0.076

1

0.783

Field type

0.297

0.172

17.271

2

 < 0.0001

Water level

0.333

0.127

2.238

1

0.135

Period \(\times\) Field type

4.501

1.098

17.343

2

 < 0.0001

Wood Sandpiper

Intercept

− 3.941

5.007

–

–

–

Period (Julian date)

8.957

0.828

101.600

1

 < 0.0001

Time since formation

1.195

0.082

15.746

1

 < 0.0001

Field type

0.425

0.179

6.941

2

 < 0.05

Water level

1.036

0.092

12.098

1

 < 0.001

Period \(\times\) Field type

9.714

0.877

7.216

2

 < 0.05

  1. Each species was analyzed using density (individuals/paddy) as the response variable, field type (plowed, harrowed, or seeded) and time since habitat formation as the explanatory variables, and survey time and individual paddy as stochastic variables.
  2. SE = standard error.
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