Figure 1

A simplified schematic diagram of the social-ecological system (SES) framework applied for urban gardening system in this study3. Sub-systems Actors, Governance, Resource and Evolutionary theory may influence the Outcomes, which itself is composed of Self-perceived and Ecological outcomes. The Self-perceived and Ecological outcomes may or may not be associated with each other in this system. To facilitate dialogue between evolutionary biology and SES literature and combine variables from somewhere between actors and governance, we treat Evolutionary theory as a subsystem.