Table 2 SEM Results for the Structural Model (Fig. 3).

Latent variable	Independent variable	Estimate	S.E	p value
Self-perceived Outcomes ON	Actors
	Starting year	0.338	0.167	0.043
	Worries	− 1.848	0.413	0.000
	Group size	0.235	0.126	0.063
	Damage	0.833	0.484	0.085
	Others number	0.042	0.062	0.502
	Social capital	0.351	0.114	0.002
	Evolutionary theory
	Stability	− 0.543	0.376	0.149
	Relatedness	0.699	0.451	0.121
	Group meetings	0.283	0.116	0.014
	Governance
	Involvement	0.364	0.544	0.504
	Rules	0.093	0.425	0.827
	Resource
	Box number	0.040	0.105	0.705
	Effort	0.017	0.353	0.961
	Shade	0.751	0.314	0.017
	Privacy	0.206	0.347	0.551
Ecological Outcomes ON	Actors
	Starting year	0.395	0.172	0.022
	Worries	0.155	0.361	0.667
	Group size	− 0.061	0.054	0.260
	Damage	0.951	0.561	0.090
	Others number	0.040	0.073	0.587
	Social capital	0.182	0.134	0.174
	Evolutionary theory
	Stability	0.478	0.422	0.256
	Relatedness	− 0.074	0.311	0.812
	Group meetings	0.071	0.137	0.607
	Governance
	Involvement	0.086	0.680	0.899
	Rules	− 0.222	0.491	0.651
	Resource
	Box number	− 0.042	0.086	0.626
	Effort	− 0.199	0.346	0.566
	Shade	− 0.326	0.299	0.277
	Privacy	− 0.071	0.304	0.814

This table presents the unstandardized estimates for the regression coefficients, their standard error and p value for all the independent variables predicting each latent outcome variable in the urban gardening system. The significant values (p < 0.05) are in bold. They signify a meaningful predicting power of the independent variable on the latent variable when including all the other variables and the covariances between the independent variables in the model.

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