Figure 4
Treatment with novel adamantane derivatives (2, 3) or drugs—vildagliptin and saxagliptin, attenuates memory impairment in induced diabetic mice in novel object recognition (NOR) test (A–D). Novel adamantane derivatives (2, 3) or vildagliptin and saxagliptin were administered (on the last day 2-weeks experiment) 1 h before the training session. Testing sessions were performed 1 h (A,C), or 24 h (B,D) after the training session. The recognition memory was measured by the novel object recognition test where the mice were allowed to explore the familiar (Fam) and novel (Nov) objects for 5 min. Bars in the figures (A,B) illustrates the number of visits to both objects by different groups of mice in testing stage; bars in figures (C,D) illustrates the preference index (%) for each group. Experimental groups—CTL non-diabetic mice, DM diabetic mice, DM-Vil vildagliptin-treated mice [20 mg/kg, po], DM-Sax saxagliptin-treated mice [10 mg/kg, po], DM-compound 2 compound 2-treated mice [50 mg/kg, po], DM-compound 3 compound 3-treated mice [50 mg/kg, po], respectively. Each column represent means ± SD (n = 8). (A,B) *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 comparison of the exploration count of a new object to the familiar object by the mice in a given experimental group. (C,D) *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 compared with healthy control group. (C,D) #p < 0.05; ##p < 0.01 compared with diabetic mice group.
