Figure 1

Temporal changes in soil gravimetric moisture content at the (a) Lusaka and (b) Kabwe sites. Different shapes represent the different fertilizer treatments. The levels of significance at the top of the panels were based on mixed model results for repeated measurements. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean (n = 3). CF: chemical fertilizer amendment, CM: cattle manure amendment, PM: poultry manure amendment, MR: maize residue amendment, and NF: no fertilizer amendment.