Figure 1
From: The effects of short-term and long-term air pollution exposure on meibomian gland dysfunction
The differences of meteorological factors, ambient pollutants, ocular surface status and cytokine levels in four regions. In oil region, the temperature was significantly lower (A), the concentrations of O3 (G) and SO2 (I) were significantly higher than other regions. Relative humidity (B), AQI (D), PM2.5 (E), and PM10 (F) in coal region were significantly higher than other regions. The wind speed (C) in steel and oil region was significantly higher than coal and living regions. NO2 concentration (H) in steel region was significantly lower than other regions. Individuals in living region presented a low proportion of eyelid hyperemia (J1), coal and oil regions exhibited a high proportion of lid debris (J2). Participants in steel region had a relatively high proportion of lid edema (J3) and irregularity (J4). Individuals in oil and steel regions exhibited a high proportion of eyelid neovascularization (J5). Participants in oil region had a high incidence of MG plugging (K1), but few suffered from MG stenosis (K2). Individuals in oil region mainly exhibited higher levels of MG expression (M1), MG secretion (M2), MG loss (M3), and conjunctivochalasis (N) than other regions. Individuals in oil region demonstrated significantly lower TMH (O) and ST (P), shorter TBUT (Q), and higher CFS score (R), IL-6 (T), IL-8 (U), VEGF (V). Participants in living region reported less OSDI than other regions (W). The results were expressed as median with interquartile range in (A–I), (M,N) and (R–W); as percentage in (J–K); as mean ± standard deviation (SD) in (O–Q). AQI air quality index, PM particulate matter, O3 ozone, NO2 nitrogen dioxide, SO2 sulfur dioxide, TMH tear meniscus height, ST Schirmer’s I test, TBUT tear film break-up time, CFS corneal fluorescein staining, IL-1β interleukin 1 beta, IL-6 interleukin 6, IL-8 interleukin 8, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, OSDI ocular surface disease index, *P < 0.05.
