Table 1 North Asian population samples studied in the Kidd Lab.

Kazakh This sample consists of Kazakh individuals living in Ulgii city in the Bayan-Ulgii aimag of the Altai region of Western Mongolia. This Muslim and Kazakh majority aimag is the westernmost province in Mongolia. This group is also known as the “Eagle Hunters” as depicted in the 2016 movie The Eagle Huntress. The individuals speak Kazakh and Mongolian

Khanty The sample consists of Khanty individuals living in the Belojarsk area on the River Kazym, a tributary of the Ob River. All individuals sampled and their ancestors were born in this region and belong to the North Khanty sub-ethnic group and the Kazym territorial group. The Khanty language is in the Finno-Ugric branch of the Uralic language family

Komi This sample consists of Komi-Zyriane living in the village of Kazak on the Kazak River. The Kazak River is a tributary of the Ob River near the Eastern Ural Mountains. The individuals sampled along with three past generations were born in the taiga area including nearby villages between the Ural Mountains and the Ob River. Individuals of this Komi enclave rely heavily on fishing and hunting and dress in traditional clothing. They speak Komi, a Uralic language

Mongol This sample consists of Urban Mongolian individuals living in Ulaanbaatar

Tsaatan This sample consists of Tsaatan (Dukha) individuals. The Tsaatan are a small nomadic group of Tyvan-lineage reindeer herders living in northern Khövsgöl aimag of Mongolia near lake Khövsgöl. Their Dukhan language is an endangered Turkic language spoken by only a few hundred individuals; individuals in our sample spoke Mongolian

Yakut This sample consists of Yakut-speaking individuals in the Yakut Autonomous Republic of Northeast Siberian Russia. The Yakut language, currently spoken by over 350,000 people, is part of the Turkic branch of the Altaic language family. Individuals sampled were living or were born along the river Lena in the area of Yakutsk and northward, roughly 129-130E, 62-64N