Table 3 The incidence of elevated expression of of urinary KIM-1 in children from CKDu endemic, emerging, and non-endemic regions in Sri Lanka.

From: Urinary biomarkers indicate pediatric renal injury among rural farming communities in Sri Lanka

Age group

RI35

ng/mgCr

Endemic

Emerging

Non-endemic

NT

KIM > RI

N (%)

NT

KIM > RI

N (%)

NT

KIM > RI

N (%)

Boys

10.0–12.9

0.097

4

2 (0.61)†

0

0 (0.00)

31

12 (7.32)

13.0–13.9

0.094

55

28 (8.56)

39

19 (6.07)

22

8 (4.88)

14.0–14.9

0.080

46

30 (9.17)†

42

19 (6.07)

18

4 (2.44)

15.0–15.9

0.098

41

24 (7.34)†

51

24 (7.67) †

11

4 (2.44)

16.0–17.9

0.426

4

1 (0.31)

8

2 (0.64)

4

1 (0.61)

10.0–17.9

 

150

85 (25.99)†

140

64 (20.45)

85

29 (17.68)

Girls

10.0–12.9

0.115

1

1 (0.31)†

0

0 (0.00)

27

13 (7.93)

13.0–13.9

0.078

45

31 (9.48)

59

19 (6.07)

17

9 (5.49)

14.0–14.9

0.139

64

41 (12.54)⁑†

57

20 (6.39)

15

7 (4.27)

15.0–15.9

0.174

53

27 (8.26)†

52

23 (7.35)†

15

5 (3.05)

16.0–17.9

0.508

14

8 (2.45)⁑

5

0 (0.00)

4

2 (1.22)

10.0–17.9

 

177

108 (33.03)⁑†

173

62 (19.81)

78

36 (21.95)

Overall

 

327

193 (59.02)⁑†

313

126 (40.26)

164

65 (39.63)

Extreme elevations (KIM-1 > 97.5th quantile of RI)

Boys

 

150

5 (1.53)

140

2 (0.64)

85

2 (1.22)

Girls

 

177

10 (3.06)⁑

173

1 (0.32)

78

1 (0.61)

Overall

 

327

15 (4.59)⁑

313

3 (0.96)

164

3 (1.83)

  1. The reference interval and the median KIM-1 of each age stratum are given for each age group.
  2. The number of children in each age stratum with urinary KIM-1 levels above the RI (50th quantile at 90% CI) given in the previous study35, for that particular age group is given as N along with its percentage with respect to the total size of the respective study group, endemic, emerging, or non-endemic. Similarly, the number of children with urinary KIM-1 levels above the 97.5th quantile of RI are given as extreme elevations. Comparison of proportions of children above the RI is expressed according to Chi-squared test and for the age strata with (N < 20), Fisher's exact test was used for comparison. ⁑Denotes significance compared to the counterparts of same age in emerging group (p < 0.05) and †denotes significance compared to the counterparts of same age in non-endemic group.
  3. RI reference intervals of biomarkers, NT total number of children in an age stratum within the study group, KIM-1: kidney injury molecule-1.
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