Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to severity of LUTS.

N (%)

3827 (71.5)

1317 (24.6)

211 (3.9)

Age, years, mean ± SD

52.4 ± 8.8

56.5 ± 9.4

59.0 ± 9.7

 < 0.001

Body weight, kg, mean ± SD

72.4 ± 10.4

70.7 ± 9.9

69.3 ± 10.4

 < 0.001

BMI, kg/m², mean ± SD

24.7 ± 2.9

24.4 ± 2.9

24.2 ± 3.1

 < 0.001

Waist circumference, cm, mean ± SD

87.1 ± 8.2

87.0 ± 8.1

87.3 ± 8.6

0.858

Marital status, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Yes

3449 (90.1)

1161 (88.2)

164 (77.7)

 Others

354 (9.3)

140 (10.6)

44 (20.9)

 Unknown

24 (0.6)

16 (1.2)

3 (1.4)

Job, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Office-worker

2678 (70.0)

752 (57.1)

90 (42.7)

 Others

1028 (26.9)

504 (38.3)

103 (48.8)

 Unknown

121 (2.3)

61 (4.6)

18 (8.5)

Monthly income, n (%)

 < 0.001

  < $2684

3221 (84.2)

985 (74.8)

127 (60.2)

  ≥ $2684

455 (11.9)

250 (19.0)

67 (31.8)

 Unknown

151 (3.9)

82 (6.2)

17 (8.1)

 Current smoker, n (%)

1169 (30.5)

380 (28.9)

68 (32.2)

0.414

 Amount of smoking, PY, mean ± SD

11.6 ± 13.7

14.8 ± 16.7

19.0 ± 19.5

 < 0.001

Drinking, g/week, mean ± SD

0.310

 0 g/week

997 (26.1)

354 (26.9)

60 (28.4)

  > 0 and < 100 g/week

875 (22.9)

291 (22.1)

43 (20.4)

  ≥ 100 g/week

1876 (49.0)

649 (49.3)

99 (46.9)

 Unknown

79 (2.1)

23 (1.7)

9 (4.3)

 ln (MET), mean ± SD

5.6 ± 3.0

5.6 ± 3.0

3.0 ± 5.0

0.015

 Metabolic syndrome, n (%)

1395 (36.5)

516 (39.2)

85 (40.3)

0.137

 Central obesity, n (%)

1419 (37.1)

468 (35.5)

80 (37.9)

0.567

 Hypertension, n (%)

2355 (61.5)

800 (60.7)

132 (62.6)

0.824

 Diabetes, n (%)

1370 (35.8)

502 (38.1)

90 (42.7)

0.058

 Triglyceridemia, n (%)

1521 (39.7)

567 (43.1)

86 (40.8)

0.108

 Decreased HDL, n (%)

1126 (29.4)

476 (36.1)

69 (32.7)

 < 0.001

 Sleep disorder, n (%)

1725 (45.4)

802 (61.6)

154 (74.4)

 < 0.001

 Stress, n (%)

1160 (30.3)

541 (41.1)

115 (54.5)

 < 0.001

 PSA, mL, mean ± SD

1.6 ± 1.6

1.9 ± 5.1

2.6 ± 4.4

 < 0.001

 Prostate size, cc, mean ± SD (n = 827)

25.2 ± 7.8

25.5 ± 7.8

28.9 ± 13.1

0.001