Figure 3

Voltage deviation from the original starting point during optimization with ADAM. (a) uncharged trap (“Gradient descent optimizer” section). (b) During UV charging (“Testing under poor trap conditions”). Top graphs show odd electrode numbers corresponding to top DC electrodes in Fig. 1b and the bottom graphs show the even electrode numbers. The values were determined by subtracting the voltage at each iteration by the starting voltage \(\Delta V = V_n - V_0\). Changes can be seen in almost all the electrodes of the trap.