Table 1 Summary table of pesticide detections from pollen collected from honey bees or bumble bees, honey bee wax, whole bees collected from blueberry flowers, and blueberry flowers on blueberry farms in southwest Michigan.

Material	Year	Farm management	# of AIs	AIs per sample (mean ±)	Pesticide concentration (mean ppb ±)
Blueberry flowers, n = 40	2019	Unsprayed	19	5.1 ± 0.9^B	3.3 ± 1.3^b
Blueberry flowers, n = 40	2019	Conventional	21	8.9 ± 0.4^A	688.9 ± 122.6^a
Honey bees (whole bees), n = 29	2019	Unsprayed	10	3.0 ± 1.1^B	219.0 ± 151.2^b
Honey bees (whole bees), n = 29	2019	Conventional	16	5.6 ± 0.3^A	2579.6 ± 687.0^a
Bumble bees (whole bees), n = 13	2019	Unsprayed	9	2.8 ± 0.9^B	541.2 ± 132.2^a
Bumble bees (whole bees), n = 13	2019	Conventional	15	5.4 ± 1.1^A	680.8 ± 259.8^a
Honey bee pollen*, n = 76	2018	Unsprayed	48	21.6 ± 0.5^B	85.8 ± 11.8^b
		Organic	46	26.0 ± 0.5^A	180.8 ± 29.6^ab
		Conventional	54	21.2 ± 1.1^B	286.2 ± 34.1^a
Honey bee pollen*, n = 97	2019	Unsprayed	55	20.5 ± 0.5^A	287.3 ± 81.7^b
Honey bee pollen*, n = 97	2019	Conventional	61	20.6 ± 0.7^A	770.0 ± 139.3^a
Bumble bee pollen*, n = 15	2019	Unsprayed	29	17.8 ± 1.5^A	330.3 ± 116.8^b
Bumble bee pollen*, n = 15	2019	Conventional	31	19.1 ± 0.5^A	1708.2 ± 226.6^a
Honey bee wax, n = 113	2019	Unsprayed	44	14.2 ± 0.8^A	710.0 ± 412.2^a
Honey bee wax, n = 113	2019	Conventional	49	15.0 ± 0.5)^A	525.6 ± 141.3^a

Number of active ingredients (AIs) detected includes all pesticides detected within a farm type (unsprayed, organic, or conventional) in each year. Superscript letters indicate significant differences within a year/bee combination.
*Pollen data from Graham et al.³⁸.

Quick links

Search