Table 3 Prognostic prediction models for frailty improvement or worsening after 2.1 years in community-dwelling older adults stratified for gender.
From: Gender differences in frailty transition and its prediction in community-dwelling old adults
Improvement | Worsening | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Women | Men | |
N | 522 | 411 | 637 | 521 |
Number of events | 116 | 70 | 174 | 173 |
Predictor Candidates* | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (1 year) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) | 0.87 (0.82–0.93) | 1.06 (1.01–1.12) | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) |
Self-rated health, moderate-very poor | 0.56 (0.32–0.97) | 0.42 (0.22–0.82) | 1.95 (1.24–3.07) | 1.67 (1.07–2.62) |
Cognitive impairment | 0.14 (0.03–0.73) | 0.18 (0.02–1.40) | 3.70 (1.73–7.92) | 2.43 (1.20–4.93) |
Frailty status at baseline | ||||
Robust | n.a | n.a | 30.11 (13.73–66.06) | 8.03 (3.68–17.51) |
Prefrail | 0.23 (0.13–0.41) | 0.29 (0.15–0.57) | 4.57 (2.53–8.28) | 1.95 (1.14–3.35) |
Frail | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Congestive Heart failure | 0.41 (0.25–0.68) | – | 1.60 (1.00–2.57) | 1.63 (0.98–2.72) |
Stroke | 0.46 (0.19–1.14) | – | 1.65 (0.90–3.02) | – |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.50 (0.27–0.90) | – | 1.43 (0.90–2.27) | |
Cancer | 0.72 (0.38–1.36) | 1.65 (0.91–3.01) | – | – |
Living alone | – | 0.63 (0.33–1.21) | 1.57 (0.95–2.58) | – |
Education (CASMIN-short) | ||||
Low | – | Ref | – | – |
Middle | – | 1.98 (0.96–4.10) | – | – |
High | – | 1.15 (0.58–2.31) | – | – |
ACR ≥ 30 mg/g | – | – | 1.74 (1.05–2.89) | 1.85 (1.12–3.06) |
Smoking | – | – | 1.59 (1.01–2.50) | – |
eGFRBIS2 < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | – | – | 1.59 (0.90–2.79) | – |
Osteoarthritis | – | – | – | 1.44 (0.90–2.31) |
Hospitalization | ||||
0 | – | – | – | Ref |
1–2 | – | – | – | 1.36 (0.83–2.25) |
≥ 3 | – | – | – | 1.72 (0.96–3.08) |
Model discrimination | ||||
c-Index | 0.74 (0.72–0.76) | 0.68 (0.66–0.70) | 0.76 (0.75–0.77) | 0.66 (0.65–0.67) |
