Table 3 Positive selection and antibiotic resistance. (a) Genes. (b) Mutations.

From: A genome-wide scan of wastewater E. coli for genes under positive selection: focusing on mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

(a) For positive selection, our data give the gene’s p value and prev. study shows whether the gene appeared in other studies. For genes, core indicates whether a gene is a core gene appearing in at least 95% of genomes and ess. indicates essentiality. The column antibiotic resistance lists resistance functions from literature and whether the gene had antibiotic resistance associated mutations in our data (see B).

Gene

Positive selection

Gene

Antibiotic resistance

Our data

Prev. study

Core

Ess

Our data

Antibiotics resistance Function

ompC

1.57 * 10E−32

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Membrane permeability

yegE (yfaL)

5.87 * 10E−19

Yes

Yes

No

No

Biofilm formation

ycgV

4.47 * 10E−18

Yes

No

No

No

Biofilm formation

lsrA

2.16 * 10E−12

No

No

No

No

Biofilm formation

ompA

1.74 * 10E−6

Yes

Yes

No

No

Membrane permeability

hipA

1.06 * 10E−5

No

Yes

No

Yes

Bacterial persistence

ydhQ

1.06 * 10E−5

No

Yes

No

No

Biofilm formation

dgcE

1.06 * 10E−5

No

Yes

No

No

Biofilm formation

(b) Freq. refers to the frequency of non-synonymous mutations in the site.

Gene

Site

Freq

Antibiotic

P value

ompC

A231

15

Ceftazidime

0.03

ompC

G309

32

Cefepime

0.01

Cephalotin

0.02

hipA

I104

38

Cefotaxime

0.03

hipA

K290

25

Cefotaxime

0.05

hipA

G431

13

Imipenem

0.03

Nalidixic acid

0.03