Table 4 Comparisons of single walking performance after training at different time point.

From: Effects of different dual task training on dual task walking and responding brain activation in older adults with mild cognitive impairment

 

Conventional physical therapy group (n = 10)

Cognitive dual task training group (n = 9)

Motor dual task training group (n = 11)

Between-group comparisons

Pre

Post

Follow-up

pa

Pre

Post

Follow-up

pa

Pre

Post

Follow-up

pa

Post

Follow-up

p (ε2)

p (ε2)

Speed (cm/s)

86.6 (68.4, 112.2)

91.9 (78.5, 114.8)

93.1 (75.9, 110.1)

0.387

77.5 (60.6, 88.3)

90.3 (76.3, 100)

92.6 (74.2, 108.3)

0.005

84.8 (73, 95.8)

99.4 (84.3, 110.8)

99.3 (88.3, 109.5)

0.035

  

Change

 

8.3 (− 4.4, 14.8)

3.3 (− 2.6, 12.8)

  

12.8 (7.5, 18.5)

15.1 (12.8, 21)

  

14.9 (10.3, 27.8)

16.8 (3.0, 24.7)

 

0.129 (0.141)

0.036 (0.225)

Cadence (step/min)

106.5 (103.3, 116.6)

109.8 (102.4, 117.7)

111.7 (101.5, 120.9)

0.497

103.5 (97.2, 111.1)

112.2 (102, 122.1)

113.7 (107.2, 122)

0.016

109.2 (98.3, 113.7)

116.9 (114.8, 121.3)

116.3 (111.4, 122.3)

0.035

  

Change

 

− 0.2 (− 2.5, 6.4)

2.0 (− 1.4, 6.6)

  

8.7 (4.2, 12.8)

10.2 (7.2, 14.7)*

  

6.4 (2.6, 10.8)

5.8 (1.9, 9.5

 

0.075 (0.179)

0.032 (0.237)

Stride length (cm)

98.0 (80.1, 117.9)

105.8 (88.3, 116.4)

102.6 (87.9, 119.3)

0.273

84.0 (77.8, 98.3)

91.8 (86.8, 103.1)

93.5 (86.8, 108.3)

0.013

89.5 (83, 101)

102.6 (86, 116.8)

102.6 (91, 117.3)

0.050

  

Change

 

5.4 (− 1.6, 14.9)

1.1 (− 1.3, 6.4)

  

6.4 (1.3, 10.9)

10.0 (3.8, 10.3)

  

10.5 (3.8, 15.8)

8.0 (0, 22)

 

0.547 (0.040)

0.104 (0.156)

Spatial variability

6.2 (5.0, 9.8)

5.9 (4.7, 7.4)

5.3 (4.3, 7.5)

0.407

6.8 (5.0, 9.2)

6.1 (5.6, 6.9)

6.4 (5.9, 6.9)

0.641

7.4 (6.2, 8.1)

6.5 (4.8, 8.9)

5.9 (4.6, 6.7)

0.020

  

Change

 

− 0.7 (− 2.0, 0.4)

− 0.7 (− 1.7, 0.4)

  

− 0.3 (− 1.3, 1.4)

− 0.4 (− 1.8, 1.4)

  

− 0.6 (− 1.7, 1.5)

− 1.1 (− 1.9, − 0.4)

 

0.728 (0.022)

0.353 (0.072)

Stride time (s)

1.1 (1.0, 1.2)

1.1 (1.0, 1.2)

1.1 (1.0, 1.2)

0.497

1.2 (1.1, 1.3)

1.1 (1.0, 1.2)

1.1 (1.0, 1.1)

0.013

1.1 (1.1, 1.2)

1.0 (1.0, 1.0)

1.0 (1.0, 1.1)

0.029

  

Change

 

0.0 (− 0.1, 0)

0.0 (0, 0)

  

− 0.1 (− 0.2, 0)

− 0.1 (− 0.2, − 0.1)*

  

− 0.1 (− 0.1, 0)

− 0.1 (− 0.1, 0)

 

0.132 (0.141)

0.024 (0.256)

Temporal variability

3.0 (2.3, 4.0)

3.3 (2.6, 4.0)

3.6 (2.3, 4.2)

0.717

4.0 (3.2, 6.4)

3.4 (3.0, 4.8)

3.3 (2.8, 4.0)

0.097

4.9 (4.0, 6.1)

4.3 (3.0, 5.4)

3.6 (3.3, 4.2)

0.086

  

Change

 

0.2 (− 0.6, 0.7)

0.0 (− 0.1, 0.7)

  

− 0.5 (− 1.8, 0.4)

− 1.3 (− 2.8, − 0.1)

  

− 0.6 (− 1.3, 0.7)

− 1.1 (− 2.0, − 0.3)

 

0.436 (0.057)

0.075 (0.179)

  1. Values are median (interquartile).
  2. Change values were calculated by subtracting the baseline data from the post-training data (Post) or by subtracting the baseline data from the follow-up data (Follow-up).
  3. ap value for within-group comparison using Friedman test.
  4. *p < 0.05 as compared with conventional physical therapy group.
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