Table 3 Estimated ESVs of the each LULC classes of different years and its temporal dynamics using the applied unit values respectively.

From: Significant reduction of carbon stocks and changes of ecosystem service valuation of Indian Sundarban

LULC	ESVs (million USD)	Changes
LULC	1975	2000	2020	1975–2000	%	% year¹	2000–2020	%	% year¹	1975–2020	%	% year¹
Waterbody (lakes/rivers)	2530.50	2748.31	2877.03	217.82	8.61	0.34	128.72	4.68	0.23	346.54	13.69	0.30
	3492.01	3792.59	3970.22	300.58			177.63			478.21
	3725.77	4046.47	4235.99	320.70			189.52			510.22
	1270.61	1379.98	1444.61	109.37			64.63			174.00
	2494.72	2709.46	2836.35	214.74			126.90			341.64
				232.64			137.48			370.12
Settlement/build-up area	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
	54.39	157.66	244.56	103.27	189.85	7.59	86.90	55.12	2.76	190.17	349.61	7.77
	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
				103.27			86.90			190.17
Cropland	30.35	28.03	26.78	−2.33	−7.67	−0.31	−1.25	−4.45	−0.22	−3.58	−11.78	−0.26
	41.57	38.38	36.67	−3.19			−1.71			−4.90
	1836.65	1695.84	1620.32	−140.82			−75.52			−216.33
	1836.65	1695.84	1620.32	−140.82			−75.52			−216.33
	481.49	444.58	424.78	−36.92			−19.80			−56.71
				−64.81			−34.76			−99.57
Mangrove forest	2843.13	2727.88	2408.12	−115.25	−4.05	−0.16	−319.76	−11.72	−0.59	−435.01	−15.30	−0.34
	3923.46	3764.42	3323.16	−159.04			−441.26			−600.30
	55,167.22	52,930.96	46,726.44	−2236.26			−6204.53			−8440.78
	55,167.79	52,931.51	46,726.92	−2236.28			−6204.59			−8440.87
	2014.71	1933.05	1706.46	−81.67			−226.59			−308.26
				−965.7			−2679.35			−3645.04
Sparse forest/open forest	8.12	7.26	11.17	−0.86	−10.58	−0.42	3.91	53.91	2.70	3.06	37.64	0.84
	11.23	10.05	15.46	−1.19			5.42			4.23
	145.79	130.37	200.66	−15.42			70.28			54.87
	100.47	89.85	138.28	−10.62			48.44			37.81
	75.44	67.47	103.84	−7.98			36.37			28.39
				−7.21			32.88			25.67
Fallow land	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00			0.00			0.00
				0			0			0
Unit values	5412.10	5511.48	5323.10	99.38	1.84	0.07	−188.37	−3.42	−0.17	−88.99	−1.64	−0.04
	7468.28	7605.44	7345.51	137.16	1.84	0.07	−259.93	−3.42	−0.17	−122.76	−1.64	−0.04
	60,929.82	58,961.30	53,027.96	−1968.52	−3.23	−0.13	−5933.34	−10.06	−0.50	−7901.86	−12.97	−0.29
	58,375.52	56,097.17	49,930.13	−2278.35	−3.90	−0.16	−6167.04	−10.99	−0.55	−8445.39	−14.47	−0.32
	5066.37	5154.54	5071.43	88.17	1.74	0.07	−83.12	−1.61	−0.08	5.06	0.10	0.00
Mean	27,450.42	26,665.99	24,139.63	−784.43	−2.86	−0.11	−2526.36	−9.47	−0.47	−3310.79	−12.06	−0.27

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Table 3 Estimated ESVs of the each LULC classes of different years and its temporal dynamics using the applied unit values respectively.

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