Table 1 Enzymatic processing of apelin.
From: On Methods for the Measurement of the Apelin Receptor Ligand Apelin
Enzyme | Conversion | Effect | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|
Furin (PCSK3) | Apelin 55 and 36 directly to apelin 13; Apela 32 to apela 11 | Active apelin 13 fragments | |
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) | Hydrolysis of C-terminal phenylalanine of all apelin isoforms. Pyr-apelin-13 is more susceptible to ACE-2 degradation than apelin-17 | Both fully active and reduced activity fragments | |
Neprilysin | Cleavage of “RPRL” motif | Inactivation | |
Kallikrein | Cleaves the 3N-terminal amino acids of apelin-17 | Apelin-14 with decreased hypotensive effect | |
Prolyl carboxypeptidase | Cleaves apelin 36, 17 and pyr-apelin 13 | Similar to ACE-2 effect |
