Figure 1

(a) An example of a geologic fault used as a stimulus in the experiment. It illustrates a fault plane separating two sections of Earth’s crust, called fault blocks. One of the blocks is labeled as the ‘footwall’ and the other is labeled as the ‘hanging wall’. There is a displacement in rock types on each side of the fault, indicating that the blocks have moved relative to each other. The direction of displacement between blocks is referred to as the rake angle. (b) Faults can be categorized according to their rake angle, with four ‘prototypical’ fault categories illustrated. A left lateral fault (\(0^\circ\) rake angle) has the hanging wall shifted laterally (to the left) relative to the footwall. A reverse fault (\(90^\circ\) rake angle) has the hanging wall elevated relative to the footwall. A right lateral fault (\(180^\circ\) rake angle) has the hanging wall shifted right relative to the footwall. A normal fault (\(270^\circ\) rake angle) has the hanging wall sunken relative to the footwall. Note that fault categories are partially overlapping; a fault with \(30^\circ\) rake angle would be categorized as both a left lateral and a reverse fault. (Figure generated using Adobe Illustrator 2021 and Adobe Photoshop 2021).