Table 1 Characteristics of data used for the study.

Land use

Raster

30 m

2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020

http://www.resdc.cn/

Landsat

Raster

Landsat-TM/ETM 30 m

Landsat 8 15 m

2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020

https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/

SRTM DEM

Raster

20 m (horizontal)

16 m (elevation accuracy)

30 m (spatial resolution)

2000

http://www.resdc.cn/

Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau boundary

Vector

–

2014

http://www.geodoi.ac.cn/WebCn/Default.aspx

GDP

Raster

1000 m

2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020

http://www.resdc.cn/

NDVI

Raster

1000 m

2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020

http://www.resdc.cn/

Population

Raster

1000 m

2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020

http://www.resdc.cn/

Temperature

Raster

1000 m

2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020

http://www.resdc.cn/

Rainfall

Raster

1000 m

2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020

http://www.resdc.cn/