Table 3 Acoustic model parameters.

Sea ice

Sea ice thickness

z_i

2.7

m

Goff, 1995

Ice-water RMS roughness

1.38

m

(Ibid.)

Ice-air RMS roughness

0.45

m

Gavrilov & Mikhalevsky, 2006

Sea ice density

ρ_i

0.89

g/cm³

Alexander et al. 2013

Sea ice compressional speed

c_i

3000

m/s

Gavrilov & Mikhalevsky, 2006

Sea ice shear speed

1800

m/s

(Ibid.)

Compressional wave attenuation

0.45

dB/l

(Ibid.)

Shear wave attenuation

0.9

dB/l

(Ibid.)

Water column

Surface sound speed

c_w

1435

ITP-62; HLY1303

Seafloor sound speed

c_w

1465

ITP-62; HLY1303

Range-independent water depth

z_w

2500

m

Density and sound speed profile shelf

–

–

ITP-62; HLY1303

Density and sound speed profile basin

–

–

ITP-62; HLY1303

Absorption

Negligible

Fisher & Simmons, 1977

Seafloor

Seafloor mean grain size

d

3.0, 3.6

µm

Xiangmei et al. 2015

Depth (bathymetry)

z_b

–

IBCAO v.3 1-min grid

Subbottom

Number of subbottom steps

5

Warner et al. 2015

Step depths

2, 5, 10, 20, 40

m

(Ibid.)

Layer compressional speed

c_b

1465, 1555, 1605, 1750, 2200

m/s

(Ibid.)

Layer shear speed

(Ibid.)

Layer density

ρ_b

1.49, 1.77, 1.87, 2.06, 2.2

g/cm³

(Ibid.)

Basement

Compressional speed

c_u

2300

m/s

(Ibid.)

Shear speed

(Ibid.)

Density

ρ_u

2.3

g/cm³

(Ibid.)