Table 1 Comparison of IVI scores by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics (N = 2652).
Baseline characteristic | n (%) | Emotional | Mobility | Reading | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | % reduction | Mean ± SD | % reduction | Mean ± SD | % reduction | ||
Age, year | |||||||
40–49 | 640 (24.1) | 5.34 ± 1.18 | 0.0 | 5.55 ± 0.70 | 0.0 | 5.23 ± 0.98 | 0.0 |
50–59 | 1209 (45.6) | 5.49 ± 1.22 | 2.8 | 5.55 ± 0.75 | 0.0 | 5.41 ± 0.84 | 3.4 |
60–69 | 536 (20.2) | 5.54 ± 1.07 | 3.9 | 5.42 ± 0.97 | − 2.4 | 5.28 ± 1.02 | 1.0 |
70+ | 267 (10.1) | 5.38 ± 1.33 | 0.8 | 4.94 ± 1.56 | − 11.0 | 4.77 ± 1.54 | − 8.8 |
P = 0.011 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||||
Gender | |||||||
Male | 1283 (48.4) | 5.49 ± 1.18 | 0.0 | 5.50 ± 0.85 | 0.0 | 5.29 ± 0.99 | 0.0 |
Female | 1369 (51.6) | 5.42 ± 1.21 | − 1.3 | 5.43 ± 0.97 | − 1.2 | 5.26 ± 1.04 | − 0.6 |
P = 0.135 | P = 0.063 | P = 0.419 | |||||
Race | |||||||
Malay | 491 (18.5) | 5.69 ± 0.99 | 0.0 | 5.40 ± 1.09 | 0.0 | 5.25 ± 1.09 | 0.0 |
Indian | 546 (20.6) | 5.71 ± 1.15 | 0.3 | 5.58 ± 0.77 | 3.4 | 5.48 ± 0.81 | 4.2 |
Chinese | 1615 (60.9) | 5.29 ± 1.24 | − 7.0 | 5.45 ± 0.90 | 0.9 | 5.21 ± 1.04 | − 0.8 |
P < 0.001 | P = 0.002 | P < 0.001 | |||||
Educational level | |||||||
Secondary or higher | 1446 (54.5) | 5.44 ± 1.19 | REF | 5.54 ± 0.77 | REF | 5.33 ± 0.93 | REF |
Primary or below | 1206 (45.5) | 5.46 ± 1.20 | 0.4 | 5.38 ± 1.06 | − 3.0 | 5.21 ± 1.10 | − 2.4 |
P = 0.620 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.001 | |||||
Monthly income | |||||||
≥ S$2000 | 1024 (38.6) | 5.49 ± 1.09 | REF | 5.59 ± 0.63 | REF | 5.38 ± 0.85 | REF |
< S$2000 | 1628 (61.4) | 5.43 ± 1.26 | − 1.2 | 5.38 ± 1.05 | − 3.7 | 5.21 ± 1.10 | − 3.1 |
P = 0.184 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||||
Housing | |||||||
5 room house or private | 1086 (41.0) | 5.45 ± 1.11 | REF | 5.51 ± 0.82 | REF | 5.30 ± 0.99 | REF |
3–4 room or less | 1566 (59.0) | 5.45 ± 1.25 | − 0.1 | 5.43 ± 0.98 | − 1.4 | 5.26 ± 1.03 | − 0.8 |
P = 0.901 | P = 0.034 | P = 0.281 | |||||
Lifestyle factors | |||||||
BMI category | |||||||
Underweight | 98 (3.7) | 5.37 ± 1.20 | 0.0 | 5.57 ± 0.74 | 0.0 | 5.21 ± 1.05 | 0.0 |
Normal | 1370 (51.7) | 5.37 ± 1.28 | 0.1 | 5.44 ± 0.95 | − 2.2 | 5.24 ± 1.05 | 0.4 |
Overweight | 886 (33.4) | 5.52 ± 1.12 | 2.9 | 5.47 ± 0.92 | − 1.9 | 5.31 ± 0.99 | 1.9 |
Obese | 298 (11.2) | 5.64 ± 0.94 | 5.2 | 5.53 ± 0.79 | − 0.8 | 5.37 ± 0.90 | 3.0 |
P = 0.001 | P = 0.346 | P = 0.099 | |||||
Smoking status | |||||||
Never | 1962 (74.0) | 5.45 ± 1.17 | 0.0 | 5.48 ± 0.90 | 0.0 | 5.30 ± 0.99 | 0.0 |
Current | 371 (14.0) | 5.43 ± 1.30 | − 0.4 | 5.52 ± 0.72 | 0.8 | 5.24 ± 1.02 | − 1.2 |
Past | 319 (12.0) | 5.47 ± 1.22 | 0.4 | 5.33 ± 1.14 | − 2.7 | 5.17 ± 1.16 | − 2.5 |
P = 0.888 | P = 0.013 | P = 0.075 | |||||
Alcohol use | |||||||
No | 2425 (91.4) | 5.47 ± 1.18 | REF | 5.46 ± 0.93 | REF | 5.27 ± 1.02 | REF |
Yes | 227 (8.6) | 5.28 ± 1.31 | − 3.4 | 5.53 ± 0.72 | 1.4 | 5.34 ± 0.91 | 1.4 |
P = 0.024 | P = 0.248 | P = 0.291 | |||||
Comorbid conditions | |||||||
Diabetes | |||||||
No | 2080 (78.4) | 5.44 ± 1.18 | REF | 5.48 ± 0.87 | REF | 5.27 ± 1.01 | REF |
Yes | 572 (21.6) | 5.49 ± 1.26 | 0.8 | 5.41 ± 1.05 | − 1.3 | 5.28 ± 1.05 | 0.2 |
P = 0.425 | P = 0.113 | P = 0.828 | |||||
Arterial hypertension | |||||||
No | 1179 (44.5) | 5.40 ± 1.22 | REF | 5.53 ± 0.76 | REF | 5.31 ± 0.95 | REF |
Yes | 1473 (55.5) | 5.49 ± 1.17 | 1.8 | 5.41 ± 1.02 | − 2.1 | 5.25 ± 1.06 | − 1.1 |
P = 0.040 | P = 0.001 | P = 0.152 | |||||
Hyperlipidaemia | |||||||
No | 1416 (53.4) | 5.46 ± 1.18 | REF | 5.51 ± 0.78 | REF | 5.30 ± 0.95 | REF |
Yes | 1236 (46.6) | 5.44 ± 1.21 | − 0.3 | 5.41 ± 1.05 | − 1.9 | 5.25 ± 1.08 | − 0.9 |
P = 0.758 | P = 0.004 | P = 0.222 | |||||
Cardiovascular disease | |||||||
No | 2483 (93.6) | 5.46 ± 1.18 | REF | 5.49 ± 0.87 | REF | 5.30 ± 0.97 | REF |
Yes | 169 (6.4) | 5.35 ± 1.39 | − 2.0 | 5.16 ± 1.37 | − 6.0 | 4.91 ± 1.44 | − 7.4 |
P = 0.260 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||||
Chronic kidney disease | |||||||
No | 2504 (94.4) | 5.46 ± 1.18 | REF | 5.51 ± 0.82 | REF | 5.31 ± 0.96 | REF |
Yes | 148 (5.6) | 5.35 ± 1.38 | − 2.0 | 4.75 ± 1.75 | − 13.7 | 4.73 ± 1.61 | − 10.9 |
P = 0.279 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||||
Any systemic disease | |||||||
No | 698 (26.3) | 5.38 ± 1.27 | REF | 5.54 ± 0.72 | REF | 5.31 ± 0.94 | REF |
Yes | 1954 (73.7) | 5.48 ± 1.17 | 1.7 | 5.44 ± 0.97 | − 1.9 | 5.26 ± 1.04 | − 0.8 |
P = 0.079 | P = 0.009 | P = 0.342 | |||||
Eye conditions | |||||||
None | 2226 (83.9) | 5.49 ± 1.11 | REF | 5.50 ± 0.83 | REF | 5.30 ± 0.96 | REF |
Non-VTDR | 81 (3.1) | 5.55 ± 1.06 | 1.1 | 5.26 ± 1.37 | − 4.5 | 5.24 ± 1.23 | − 1.2 |
VTDR | 24 (0.9) | 4.40 ± 2.81 | − 20.0 | 4.84 ± 1.77 | − 12.1 | 4.58 ± 1.85 | − 13.6 |
Early AMD | 151 (5.7) | 5.35 ± 1.55 | − 2.6 | 5.33 ± 1.15 | − 3.1 | 5.18 ± 1.18 | − 2.3 |
Late AMD | 7 (0.3) | 4.92 ± 1.88 | − 10.5 | 4.55 ± 1.58 | − 17.3 | 5.07 ± 1.37 | − 4.3 |
Early glaucoma | 31 (1.2) | 5.12 ± 1.61 | − 6.9 | 5.25 ± 1.38 | − 4.5 | 5.25 ± 1.31 | − 1.0 |
Late glaucoma | 26 (1.0) | 5.25 ± 1.49 | − 4.5 | 5.20 ± 1.43 | − 5.6 | 5.16 ± 1.33 | − 2.7 |
Early MMD | 99 (3.7) | 5.02 ± 1.34 | − 8.6 | 5.39 ± 1.04 | − 2.1 | 5.08 ± 1.19 | − 4.3 |
Late MMD | 7 (0.3) | 5.37 ± 1.08 | − 2.3 | 4.93 ± 1.41 | − 10.5 | 4.78 ± 0.80 | − 9.8 |
P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.009 | |||||
Presenting VI (better eye) | |||||||
No | 2558 (96.5) | 5.47 ± 1.16 | REF | 5.48 ± 0.87 | REF | 5.30 ± 0.97 | REF |
Yes | 94 (3.5) | 5.05 ± 1.85 | − 7.6 | 4.94 ± 1.67 | − 10.0 | 4.60 ± 1.68 | − 13.3 |
P = 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||||
Presenting VI (worse eye) | |||||||
No | 2149 (81.0) | 5.52 ± 1.10 | REF | 5.53 ± 0.79 | REF | 5.36 ± 0.90 | REF |
Yes | 503 (19.0) | 5.18 ± 1.52 | − 6.1 | 5.19 ± 1.29 | − 6.1 | 4.94 ± 1.35 | − 7.8 |
P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | |||||
