Table 3 The Cox's proportional hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for factors affecting under-five mortality in Nigeria 2018.
From: Geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in the survival of children under-five in Nigeria
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | |
Demographic factors | |||
Child's gender | |||
Female (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Male | 1.155 (1.070–1.247)** | 1.152 (1.064–1.247)** | 1.154 (1.066–1.250)** |
Mother’s age (at first birth) | |||
≤ 19 | 1.254 (1.148–1.369)** | 1.157 (1.052–1.271)** | 1.144 (1.041–1.258)** |
20–39 (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
≥ 40 | 1.604 (0.400–6.427) | 1.785 (0.445–7.161) | 1.836 (0.457–7.371) |
Ethnic origin | |||
Hausa/Fulani/Kanuri (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Igbo | 0.753 (0.625–0.907)** | 0.877 (0.716–1.075) | 1.122 (0.789–1.596) |
Yoruba | 0.522 (0.437–0.625)** | 0.667 (0.548–0.812)** | 0.908 (0.684–1.205) |
Others | 0.741 (0.661–0.830)** | 0.797 (0.708–0.896)** | 0.957 (0.834–1.099) |
Religion | |||
Christian | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Muslim | 1.262 (1.110–1.434)** | 1.220 (1.061–1.403)** | 1.147 (0.990–1.328)* |
Socioeconomic factors | |||
Maternal education | |||
No formal education | 0.971 (0.751–1.256) | 0.962 (0.744–1.244) | |
Primary | 1.000 (0.777–1.288) | 1.011 (0.785–1.301) | |
Secondary | 0.941 (0.750–1.182) | 0.953 (0.759–1.196) | |
Tertiary (ref) | 1 | 1 | |
Paternal education | |||
No formal education | 1.328 (1.107–1.592)** | 1.360 (1.133–1.631)** | |
Primary | 1.252 (1.035–1.515)** | 1.279 (1.056–1.550)** | |
Secondary | 1.180 (1.000–1.392)** | 1.204 (1.020–1.421)** | |
Tertiary (ref) | |||
Wealth index (household) | |||
Poorest (1) (ref) | 1 | 1 | |
Poorer (2) | 1.080 (0.971–1.201) | 1.064 (0.956–1.184) | |
Middle (3) | 0.956 (0.843–1.083) | 0.987 (0.868–1.122) | |
Richer (4) | 0.804 (0.689–0.937)** | 0.865 (0.735–1.018)** | |
Richest (5) | 0.639 (0.522–0.783)** | 0.703 (0.567–0.872)** | |
Environmental factors | |||
Place of residence | |||
Urban (ref) | 1 | ||
Rural | 1.087 (0.974–1.212) | ||
Geopolitical zones | |||
North Central | 1.199 (0.927–1.552) | ||
North East | 1.221 (0.928–1.608) | ||
North West | 1.634 (1.238–2.156)** | ||
South East | 1.072 (0.726–1.581) | ||
South South | 0.946 (0.701–1.277) | ||
South West (ref) | 1 | ||
Log rank test (p-value) | χ2 = 307.45 (p < 0.001) | ||
