Figure 2

Dietary emulsifier consumption alters gene expression in the amygdala and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Wild-type (WT) mice were exposed to plain drinking water or water containing CMC or P80 (1.0%) for 12 weeks and brain tissue was harvested. The extent of tissue punch in the amygdala (a) and PVN (b). Sections adapted from Paxinos, George, and Franklin 2001. Total RNAs were extracted, mRNAs purified, and subjected to library preparation and sequencing. Genes were filtered to keep only genes expressed in at least one condition (average FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase Million) > 1 in at least one group) and were visualized on volcano plots. (c) Water-treated versus CMC-treated, amygdala. (d) Water-treated versus P80-treated, amygdala. (e) Water-treated versus CMC-treated, paraventricular nucleus. (f) Water-treated versus P80-treated, paraventricular nucleus. For each gene, the difference in abundance between the two groups is indicated in log2 fold change on the x-axis (with positive values corresponding to an increase in the emulsifier-treated group compared with the water-treated group, and negative values corresponding to a decrease in the emulsifier-treated group compared with the water-treated group). Log2 fold values that exceeded 10 or -10 are recorded as 10 or − 10. Significance between the two groups is indicated by − log10 p-value on the y-axis. Red dots correspond to genes with adj. p < 0.05 between emulsifier-treated and water-treated groups. Orange dots correspond to genes with at least a onefold decreased or increased expression in the emulsifier-treated group compared with the water-treated group. Green dots represent differentially expressed genes (adj. p < 0.05, log2 FC > 1 and < − 1) between control and emulsifier groups. Only genes in green were used for subsequent analysis.