Figure 1
Odds of accompanying diabetic complications or hepatic steatosis by group according to insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. Odds ratios of (a) chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2), (b) hepatic steatosis, (c) plaque presence, (d) large fiber neuropathy, and (e) diabetic retinopathy. The results were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, time of enrollment, method of insulin measurement, BMI, HbA1c levels, LDL cholesterol levels, eGFR (not included in the analysis depicted in a), statin use, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Group 1. Reference (mild insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction) group. Group 2. “Severe beta-cell dysfunction” group. Group 3. “Severe insulin resistance” group. Group 4. “Severe insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction” group. BMI body mass index, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate. *p < 0.05 versus group 1.
