Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics in the patient groups classified according to insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function.

From: Differences in complication patterns in subgroups of type 2 diabetes according to insulin resistance and beta-cell function

Total n = 8861

Group 1 Mild insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction (Reference)

Group 2 Severe beta-cell dysfunction

Group 3 Severe insulin resistance

Group 4 Severe insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction

p value

n = 2044

n = 2382

n = 2390

n = 2045

Female, n (%)

968 (47.4)

1144 (48.0)

1145 (47.9)

969 (47.4)

0.956

Age (years)

58.3 ± 10.7

58.1 ± 10.2

57.8 ± 11.1

55.2 ± 11.3*†‡

 < 0.001

DM duration (years)

3.0 (9.0)

7.0 (10.0)*

4.0 (9.0)*†

7.0 (9.0)*‡

 < 0.001

Age at DM onset (years)

53.2 ± 10.5

49.8 ± 10.3*

51.9 ± 10.7*†

46.6 ± 10.4*†‡

 < 0.001

Diabetes medications

 < 0.001Ω

 Without medication

770 (37.7)

699 (29.3)

687 (28.7)

634 (31.0)

 One OAD only

624 (30.5)

564 (23.7)

737 (30.8)

399 (19.5)

 Two OADs

534 (26.1)

817 (34.3)

742 (31.0)

673 (32.9)

 Three OADs

109 (5.3)

288 (12.1)

218 (9.1)

323 (15.8)

 Four or more OADs

7 (0.3)

14 (0.6)

6 (0.3)

16 (0.8)

SBP (mmHg)

132.1 (17.1)

132.7 (17.5)

136.0 (17.7)*†

133.9 (18.2)*‡

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

84.2 (11.1)

84.1 (11.1)

86.4 (11.5)*†

85.4 (11.5)*†‡

 < 0.001

Body weight (kg)

64.2 ± 18.9

62.6 ± 10.4*

69.0 ± 12.0*†

65.3 ± 11.6†‡

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

24.1 ± 3.1

23.6 ± 2.9*

25.9 ± 3.4*†

24.3 ± 3.1†‡

 < 0.001

WC (cm)

82.3 ± 8.6

81.6 ± 8.4*

87.2 ± 8.6*†

83.9 ± 8.8*†‡

 < 0.001

HOMA-IR

1.8 (0.6)

1.6 (0.9)*

3.6 (1.8)*†

3.5 (1.5)*†

 < 0.001

HOMA-B

53.0 (26.4)

20.9 (15.0)*

62.0 (43.3)*†

20.2 (13.3)*‡

 < 0.001

HbA1c (%)

6.9 ± 1.1

8.2 ± 1.7*

7.7 ± 1.3*†

9.9 ± 1.9*†‡

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

188.2 ± 38.0

195.1 ± 40.7*

193.9 ± 39.1*

205.1 ± 45.2*†‡

 < 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

50.5 ± 15.1

52.2 ± 14.0*

47.5 ± 11.9*†

49.7 ± 12.6†‡

 < 0.001

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

130.9 ± 89.8

131.4 ± 92.3

165.0 ± 115.6*†

175.3 ± 147.9*†

 < 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

111.9 ± 33.5

117.2 ± 36.4*

113.7 ± 34.5†

121.6 ± 38.7*†‡

 < 0.001

eGFR (EPI)

87.8 ± 18.6

87.9 ± 18.4

86.5 ± 19.3

89.6 ± 20.0*†‡

 < 0.001

AST (IU/L)

26.1 ± 10.4

28.4 ± 17.5*

30.1 ± 18.3*†

27.3 ± 20.4‡

 < 0.001

ALT (IU/L)

26.4 ± 17.4

27.5 ± 19.5

34.6 ± 25.9*†

31.1 ± 29.5*†‡

 < 0.001

Use of statin

270/2044 (13.2)

339/2382 (14.2)

389/2390 (16.3)

283/2045 (13.8)

0.021Ω

History of

 History of Hypertension

565/2044 (27.6)

642/2382 (27.0)

808/2390 (33.8)

527/2045 (25.8)

 < 0.001Ω

 Coronary heart disease

37/2044 (1.8)

48/2382 (2.0)

49/2390 (2.1)

17/2045 (0.8)

0.006Ω

 Ischemic stroke

18/2044 (0.9)

21/2382 (0.9)

28/2390 (1.2)

17/2045 (0.8)

0.619

 Peripheral artery disease

8/2044 (0.4)

7/2382 (0.3)

10/2390 (0.4)

2/2045 (0.1)

0.220

Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)

77/1799 (4.3)

161/2224 (7.2)

112/2226 (5.0)

185/1958 (9.4)

 < 0.001Ω

Chronic kidney disease, n (%)

144/2002 (7.2)

143/2335 (6.1)

201/2348 (8.6)

171/2014 (8.5)

0.004Ω

Hepatic steatosis, n (%)

724/1619 (44.7)

839/1946 (43.1)

1391/1997 (69.7)

1.037/1722 (60.2)

 < 0.001Ω

Large fiaber neuropathy, n (%)

228/1372 (16.6)

481/1929 (24.9)

377/1835 (20.5)

580/1706 (34.0)

 < 0.001Ω

Carotid plaque, n (%)

814/1.762 (46.2)

1005/2035 (49.4)

1116/2147 (52.0)

952/1877 (50.7)

0.003Ω

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for normally distributed continuous variables, median with interquartile range (IQR) for non-normally distributed continuous variables, and number (%) for categorical variables.
  2. DM diabetes mellitus, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, HOMA homeostatic model assessment, IR insulin resistance, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, EPI Epidemiology Collaboration, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase.
  3. Bold text indicates p values < 0.05.
  4. *p values < 0.05, vs. group 1, by post hoc analyses (Bonferroni tests or Dunn procedure).
  5. †p values < 0.05, vs. group 2, by post hoc analyses (Bonferroni tests or Dunn procedure).
  6. ‡p values < 0.05, vs. group 3, by post hoc analyses (Bonferroni tests or Dunn procedure).
  7. ΩSignificant chi-square test, p < 0.05.
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