h) of volatile organic compounds detected in headspace volatiles collected during the day and at night from wild and cultivated tomato plants grown in the field (n = 4). Compounds were identified using retention times (RT), electron ionization spectrum, and retention indices calculated (RI cal) relative to relative to C₈–C₂₃ n-alkanes run on an HP-5MS, and those obtained from the literature (RI lit): (A)³⁰; (B)³¹; (C)³²; (D)³³, as well as comparison of their spectra with the library data and published Kovats retention indices and mass spectra from online NIST library database. Compounds marked with a star (*) are those that were confirmed using available authentic standards run on an HP-5MS column. Significant p-values at α = 0.05 are in bold and means with different letters are significantly different based on Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA used for comparison of at least three means, while Wilcoxon paired signed-rank test was used for comparison of two means. nd = not detected.

From: Electroantennogram and machine learning reveal a volatile blend mediating avoidance behavior by Tuta absoluta females to a wild tomato plant

Peak no.	RT (min)	RI cal	RI lit	Compound	Chemical category	Mean release rates (ng/µL/h) of volatile compounds				p-value
						Wild tomato plant		Cultivated tomato plant
						Day	Night	Day	Night
1	6.26	801	802^B	Hexanal*	Aldehyde	0.06 ± 0.03	0.19 ± 0.07	0.02 ± 0.01	nd	0.146
2	7.88	863	861^D	(Z)-3-Hexenol*	Alcohol	0.12 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.02	nd	nd	0.149
3	8.00	867	870^D	p-Xylene*	Benzenoid	0.03 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.02	0.13 ± 0.07	nd	0.336
4	8.52	888	–	Unidentified1	–	0.39 ± 0.13	0.20 ± 0.08	0.57 ± 0.24	0.15 ± 0.05	0.337
5	8.57	890	–	Unidentified2	–	1.71 ± 0.63	1.39 ± 0.40	2.30 ± 0.86	0.79 ± 0.21	0.461
6	8.65	893	902^B	2-Heptanol	Alcohol	0.10 ± 0.04	0.05 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.02	nd	0.546
7	9.48	925	927^C	α-Thujene	Monoterpene	4.07 ± 1.73a	0.06 ± 0.01b	0.21 ± 0.06b	0.10 ± 0.04b	0.028
8	9.55	928	930^C	Tricyclene	Monoterpene	0.17 ± 0.08b	nd	6.28 ± 1.64a	nd	0.021
9	9.63	931	935^C	α-Pinene*	Monoterpene	23.94 ± 3.42a	9.74 ± 1.22b	21.97 ± 4.94a	19.33 ± 4.19ab	0.045
10	10.44	962	970^D	3,7,7-Trimethyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene	Monoterpene	16.39 ± 7.78	4.14 ± 0.95	14.80 ± 3.98	6.50 ± 1.23	0.145
11	10.59	968	978^C	β-Pinene*	Monoterpene	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.08 ± 0.04ab	0.12 ± 0.04a	0.21 ± 0.04a	0.024
12	10.66	971	980^D	trans-Isolimonene	Monoterpene	11.73 ± 1.78a	3.12 ± 0.45b	12.67 ± 3.35a	4.68 ± 0.61ab	0.009
13	10.90	988	993^C	β-Myrcene*	Monoterpene	2.86 ± 0.09	3.50 ± 1.25	3.83 ± 1.18	0.60 ± 0.04	0.088
14	11.03	1002	1002^D	δ-2-Carene*	Monoterpene	77.55 ± 4.56	52.20 ± 5.85	61.87 ± 19.28	59.59 ± 5.64	0.134
15	11.11	1007	1005^D	α-Phellandrene*	Monoterpene	35.17 ± 3.61a	11.66 ± 1.64b	34.20 ± 8.61a	21.75 ± 2.85a	0.045
16	11.20	1012	1011^D	δ-3-Carene*	Monoterpene	14.34 ± 5.17a	1.00 ± 0.13b	2.77 ± 1.17b	0.85 ± 0.32b	0.036
17	11.38	1022	1018^C	α-Terpinene*	Monoterpene	5.95 ± 1.89	6.12 ± 0.76	7.53 ± 3.10	9.35 ± 0.55	0.275
18	11.49	1028	1027^D	p-Cymene*	Monoterpene	46.77 ± 2.22a	13.66 ± 7.48b	38.23 ± 3.22a	7.64 ± 4.78b	0.009
19	11.66	1032	1033^D	β-Phellandrene*	Monoterpene	99.99 ± 3.74	99.32 ± 6.99	109.94 ± 5.25	96.11 ± 8.92	0.535
20	11.74	1042	1040^D	(Z)-β-Ocimene*	Monoterpene	0.16 ± 0.02	0.73 ± 0.03	0.10 ± 0.07	0.13 ± 0.05	0.243
21	11.85	1048	–	Unidentified3	Monoterpene	1.94 ± 0.44	1.55 ± 0.33	2.23 ± 0.44	1.7 ± 0.32	0.647
22	11.91	1051	1150^D	(E)-β-Ocimene*	Monoterpene	2.92 ± 0.79a	1.40 ± 0.38ab	2.49 ± 0.39a	0.72 ± 0.08b	0.026
23	12.12	1063	1061^D	γ-Terpinene*	Monoterpene	3.00 ± 0.58a	1.37 ± 0.14b	0.49 ± 0.29b	2.13 ± 0.28ab	0.049
24	12.24	1069	–	Unidentified4	Monoterpene	1.24 ± 0.35	1.01 ± 0.24	1.46 ± 0.11	1.06 ± 0.22	0.814
25	12.38	1077	–	Unidentified5	Monoterpene	1.39 ± 0.48	1.22 ± 0.12	1.38 ± 0.33	1.45 ± 0.49	0.985
26	12.64	1091	1090^D	Terpinolene*	Monoterpene	3.60 ± 1.29	2.17 ± 0.19	2.47 ± 0.67	3.37 ± 0.70	0.356
27	12.81	1101	1101^C	Linalool*	Monoterpenoid alcohol	0.22 ± 0.09	0.20 ± 0.02	0.68 ± 0.21	0.46 ± 0.30	0.533
28	12.88	1105	1106^C	Nonanal*	Aldehyde	0.36 ± 0.04a	0.42 ± 0.30a	0.38 ± 0.11a	0.02 ± 0.01b	0.028
29	13.02	1112	1111^B	1,3,8-p-Menthatriene	Monoterpene	0.22 ± 0.04ab	0.11 ± 0.02b	0.35 ± 0.07a	0.23 ± 0.06ab	0.029
30	13.13	1118	–	Unidentified6	Monoterpene	0.74 ± 0.17	0.38 ± 0.04	0.61 ± 0.10	0.65 ± 0.01	0.137
31	13.30	1128	1128^D	Allo-ocimene*	Monoterpene	0.75 ± 0.05a	0.11 ± 0.04b	0.64 ± 0.24a	0.13 ± 0.03b	0.041
32	13.40	1133	1138^C	cis-p-Mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol	Monoterpenoid alcohol	0.56 ± 0.13	nd	0.73 ± 0.29	0.22 ± 0.15	0.232
33	13.47	1137	1137^B	Limonene oxide*	Monoterpene	0.06 ± 0.01a	0.12 ± 0.01b	nd	nd	0.021
34	13.64	1146	1147^B	Camphor*	Monoterpene	0.07 ± 0.01a	0.20 ± 0.02b	nd	nd	0.021
35	13.73	1151	1152^B	Citronellal*	Monoterpenoid aldehyde	0.03 ± 0.01a	0.14 ± 0.01b	nd	nd	0.021
36	13.87	1159	1168^B	4-Ethyl-benzaldehyde	Aldehyde	0.17 ± 0.01a	0.02 ± 0.01b	0.48 ± 0.29a	nd	0.025
37	13.89	1160	1172^C	p-Mentha-1,5-dien-8-ol	Monoterpenoid alcohol	0.14 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.01	0.18 ± 0.06	0.19 ± 0.06	0.326
38	14.07	1170	1172^A	(E)-isocitral	Aldehyde	1.08 ± 0.17a	0.20 ± 0.02b	1.09 ± 0.27a	0.26 ± 0.05b	0.009
39	14.23	1179	1180^D	Dill ether	Monoterpene	2.41 ± 0.42a	0.06 ± 0.02b	3.04 ± 1.54a	0.10 ± 0.03b	0.010
40	14.27	1181	1188^D	α-Terpineol*	Monoterpenoid alcohol	0.38 ± 0.11	nd	0.43 ± 0.28	nd	0.564
41	14.35	1185	–	Unidentified7	–	0.29 ± 0.05	nd	0.52 ± 0.25	nd	0.564
42	14.38	1187	1197^D	Methyl salicylate*	Benzenoid ester	0.62 ± 0.06a	0.32 ± 0.14ab	0.51 ± 0.17a	0.04 ± 0.02b	0.037
43	14.45	1204	1206^C	Decanal*	Aldehyde	0.40 ± 0.03a	0.05 ± 0.02b	0.41 ± 0.07a	nd	0.024
44	14.79	1225	1227^A	3-(1-Methylethyl)-phenol^C	Benzenoid alcohol	0.85 ± 0.11a	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.99 ± 0.41a	nd	0.023
45	15.06	1241	1241^D	4-(1-Methylethyl)-benzaldehyde	Aldehyde	0.63 ± 0.05a	0.01 ± 0.01b	0.81 ± 0.46a	nd	0.024
46	15.24	1253	1254^A	(–)-Car-3-en-2-one	Ketone	1.72 ± 0.52	nd	1.84 ± 1.19	nd	0.564
47	15.33	1258	1262^A	cis-carvenone oxide	Ketone	1.16 ± 0.08	nd	1.21 ± 0.35	nd	0.387
48	15.39	1262	–	Unidentified8	Ketone	1.40 ± 0.41	nd	1.06 ± 0.71	nd	0.387
49	15.60	1275	1280^A	α-Terpinen-7-al	Aldehyde	1.29 ± 0.45	nd	0.69 ± 0.19	nd	0.387
50	15.69	1281	1281^A	p-Ethyl acetophenone	Ketone	0.93 ± 0.28	nd	1.19 ± 0.57	nd	0.773
51	15.80	1288	1287^A	p-Cymen-7-ol	Alcohol	0.48 ± 0.08	nd	0.54 ± 0.25	nd	0.564
52	15.88	1303	1302^C	Thymol	Monoterpenoid alcohol	0.60 ± 0.04	nd	0.71 ± 0.11	nd	0.564
53	16.03	1313	1317^A	7-Methyl-3-octen-2-one	Ketone	1.91 ± 0.61a	0.03 ± 0.02b	2.34 ± 0.60a	nd	0.023
54	16.28	1331	1333^A	5-Ethyl-2-nonen-4-one	Ketone	1.17 ± 0.14a	0.04 ± 0.01b	2.92 ± 1.43a	0.04 ± 0.03b	0.009
55	16.32	1334	–	Unidentified9	–	0.79 ± 0.06	nd	1.73 ± 0.64	nd	0.248
56	16.45	1343	1340^D	δ-Elemene	Sesquiterpene	2.87 ± 0.85	2.36 ± 0.50	1.52 ± 0.16	1.74 ± 0.83	0.535
57	16.71	1361	1361^C	Eugenol	Benzenoid	1.70 ± 0.29a	0.15 ± 0.05ab	1.72 ± 0.76a	0.02 ± 0.02b	0.028
58	16.81	1368	–	Unidentified10	Sesquiterpene	0.40 ± 0.03ab	0.12 ± 0.04b	0.84 ± 0.36a	0.03 ± 0.03c	0.006
59	17.00	1381	1382^C	α-Copaene	Sesquiterpene	0.34 ± 0.03bc	0.10 ± 0.05 cd	0.67 ± 0.27ab	0.02 ± 0.02d	0.010
60	17.10	1388	1391^C	β-Bourbonene	Sesquiterpene	0.25 ± 0.03a	0.04 ± 0.02b	0.40 ± 0.11a	0.02 ± 0.02b	0.007
61	17.19	1400	1397^C	β-Elemene*	Sesquiterpene	0.78 ± 0.04a	0.33 ± 0.07b	0.87 ± 0.15a	0.40 ± 0.11b	0.013
62	17.43	1410	1411^C	(Z)-β-Caryophyllene	Sesquiterpene	0.30 ± 0.04	nd	0.33 ± 0.06	nd	0.773
63	17.48	1422	1424^D	α-Cedrene	Sesquiterpene	0.25 ± 0.05	nd	0.34 ± 0.11	nd	1
64	17.62	1431	1427^C	(E)-β-Caryophyllene*	Sesquiterpene	14.85 ± 1.88a	9.43 ± 0.57ab	11.10 ± 1.02a	4.57 ± 1.25b	0.009
65	17.71	1438	1442^D	γ-Elemene	Sesquiterpene	0.87 ± 0.21	0.71 ± 0.05	0.27 ± 0.16	0.51 ± 0.18	0.099
66	17.88	1450	1450^D	6,9-Guaiadiene	Sesquiterpene	0.61 ± 0.07	0.33 ± 0.02	0.65 ± 0.14	0.34 ± 0.15	0.068
67	17.95	1456	1458^C	Allo-aromadendrene	Sesquiterpene	0.15 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.03	0.29 ± 0.11	0.05 ± 0.04	0.191
68	18.05	1463	1462^D	α-Humulene*	Sesquiterpene	2.66 ± 0.42a	1.94 ± 0.15a	1.79 ± 0.14ab	0.88 ± 0.28b	0.023
69	18.12	1468	1466^A	γ-Methyl ionone	Ketone	0.90 ± 0.14a	0.14 ± 0.07b	1.15 ± 0.40a	nd	0.024
70	18.39	1488	1489^C	Germacrene D	Sesquiterpene	0.48 ± 0.05a	0.12 ± 0.02b	0.77 ± 0.25a	0.12 ± 0.10b	0.016
71	18.66	1508	1511^C	β-Bisabolene	Sesquiterpene	0.27 ± 0.02	0.15 ± 0.04	1.74 ± 0.72	0.05 ± 0.04	0.058
72	18.85	1522	1530^C	δ-Cadinene	Sesquiterpene	0.09 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.02	0.23 ± 0.09	nd	0.329
73	19.32	1557	1559^C	Germacrene B	Sesquiterpene	0.11 ± 0.20a	0.03 ± 0.02b	nd	nd	0.021
74	19.67	1595	1592^C	Caryophyllene oxide	Sesquiterpene	0.72 ± 0.19a	0.30 ± 0.08ab	2.40 ± 1.04a	0.15 ± 0.12b	0.035
–	–	–	–	Total VOCs (ng/µL/h)	–	405.19 ± 31.81a	235.21 ± 19.50b	383.31 ± 35.65a	249.50 ± 18.32b	0.009

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