Figure 1

Simulated (Sim) versus observed (Obs) leaf area index (LAI) of paddy rice using the (a and c) random forest (RF) regressor and (b and d) deep neural network (DNN) regressor in (and b) Cheorwon (n = 10,388) and (c and d) Paju (6,622), South Korea. RMSE and ME stand for root mean square error and model efficiency.