Figure 3

Comparison between the values of alpha and beta diversity and statistical analysis (Wilcoxon rank test and PERMANOVA test, respectively), at the ASV level, of the 158 AS samples grouped by the beekeeping season period. (A) Shannon diversity index; (B) Simpson diversity index ; (C) PCoA plots based on the Bray–Curtis dissimilarity index; (D) PCoA plots based on the Jaccard’s coefficient for binary data (presence of absence). (E) LEfSe analysis identifying taxonomic differences in the microbiota of samples grouped by the beekeeping season period. Differentially abundant bacterial taxa were identified using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and the effect size (LEfSe) algorithm. Cladogram showing the LEfSe comparison of differential bacterial taxa. The central point represents the root of the bacterial tree and each ring the next lower taxonomic level from phylum to genus (from the inner to the outer ring: phylum, class, order, family, and genus). The color node (other than yellow) indicates which taxa are significantly higher in relative abundance.