Table 3 Adjusted means and standard errors of cardiometabolic risks according to obesity class in study population (n = 1362).

From: Metabolic risk assessment in children and adolescents using the tri-ponderal mass index

Male participants

 

Overweight

Class I obesity

Class II obesity

Class III obesity

P for trend

(n = 505)

(n = 141)

(n = 56)

(n = 27)

WC SDS

1.12 ± 0.03

1.62 ± 0.05a

2.13 ± 0.08b,c

2.67 ± 0.11d,e,f

 < 0.001

BMI SDS

1.70 ± 0.02

2.52 ± 0.04a

3.13 ± 0.06b,c

3.90 ± 0.08d,e,f

 < 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

113.71 ± 0.44

115.58 ± 0.83

118.54 ± 1.31b

119.99 ± 1.89d

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

67.92 ± 0.41

69.92 ± 0.77

70.87 ± 1.22

71.83 ± 1.76

 < 0.001

Glucose (mg/dL)

92.05 ± 0.32

92.66 ± 0.61

92.76 ± 0.97

94.70 ± 1.39

0.062

T-C (mg/dL)

167.18 ± 1.35

169.84 ± 2.55

176.26 ± 4.06

176.62 ± 5.84

0.012

TG (mg/dL)

105.53 ± 2.59

117.10 ± 4.90

116.67 ± 7.79

130.92 ± 11.22

0.004

HDL-C (mg/dL)

45.70 ± 0.36

44.54 ± 0.69

43.32 ± 1.10

42.24 ± 1.58

0.003

LDL-C (mg/dL)

100.38 ± 1.20

101.88 ± 2.27

109.61 ± 3.61

108.19 ± 5.19

0.012

Female participants

 

(n = 410)

(n = 118)

(n = 61)

(n = 44)

 

WC SDS

0.93 ± 0.04

1.47 ± 0.07a

1.74 ± 0.09b

2.84 ± 0.11d,e,f

 < 0.001

BMI SDS

1.50 ± 0.02

2.13 ± 0.04a

2.58 ± 0.05b,c

3.64 ± 0.06d,e,f

 < 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

107.09 ± 0.48

107.18 ± 0.89

111.25 ± 1.24b,c

114.35 ± 1.49d,e

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

66.06 ± 0.40

66.24 ± 0.75

69.83 ± 1.04b,c

71.81 ± 1.25d,e

 < 0.001

Glucose (mg/dL)

90.07 ± 0.65

94.05 ± 1.21a

92.04 ± 1.68

95.00 ± 2.02

0.004

T-C (mg/dL)

168.55 ± 1.36

172.03 ± 2.54

169.37 ± 3.53

169.87 ± 4.24

0.550

TG (mg/dL)

104. 59 ± 2.72

119.50 ± 5.07

111.00 ± 7.04

124.53 ± 8.46

0.009

HDL-C (mg/dL)

48.16 ± 0.43

46.56 ± 0.79

46.22 ± 1.10

42.49 ± 1.32d

 < 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

99.47 ± 1.19

101.58 ± 2.23

100.95 ± 3.09

102.47 ± 3.72

0.333

  1. Data are presented as the means ± standard errors (SE).
  2. SDS standard deviation score, WC waist circumference, BMI body mass index, TMI tri-ponderal mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, T-C total cholesterol, TG triglyceride, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  3. Class I obesity was defined as a TMI ≥ 95th percentile and < 120% of the 95th percentile TMI.
  4. Class II obesity was defined as a TMI ≥ 120% of 95th percentile and < 140% of the 95th percentile TMI.
  5. Class III obesity was defined as a TMI ≥ 140% of 95th percentile of TMI.
  6. Adjusted means were calculated using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after adjustment for age, alcohol consumption, smoking status, household income, rural residential area, physical activity, and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and dyslipidemia according to sex.
  7. a: Statistical significance was determined using ANCOVA between overweight and Class I obesity with Bonferroni’s post-hoc analysis.
  8. b: Statistical significance was determined using ANCOVA between overweight and Class II obesity with Bonferroni’s post-hoc analysis.
  9. c: Statistical significance was determined using ANCOVA between Class I obesity and Class II obesity with Bonferroni’s post-hoc analysis.
  10. d: Statistical significance was determined using ANCOVA between overweight and Class III obesity with Bonferroni’s post-hoc analysis.
  11. e: Statistical significance was determined using ANCOVA between Class I obesity and Class III obesity with Bonferroni’s post-hoc analysis.
  12. f: Statistical significance was determined using ANCOVA between Class II obesity and Class III obesity with Bonferroni’s post-hoc analysis.
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