Table 1 Characteristics of participants stratified by sex and diagnosis of osteoporosis using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2007–2009 and 2015–2019 (weighted).

From: Sex-specific bi‑directional association between osteoporosis and depression from the national representative data of South Korea

Variables	Men					Women
	With osteoporosis n = 179		Without osteoporosis n = 12,353		p value	With osteoporosis n = 2610		Without osteoporosis n = 13,903		p value
	Weighted n^a = 833,432		Weighted n = 97,013,943			Weighted n = 12,097,996		Weighted n = 89,528,314
	n	%	n	%		n	%	n	%
Age (years)
18–39	7	8.24	3777	40.03	< .0001	24	1.34	4542	39.88	< .0001
40–49	5	4.83	2021	18.79		44	2.34	2666	20.01
50–59	20	14.78	2298	19.77		349	17.11	2937	20.36
> 60	147	72.15	4257	21.41		2193	79.20	3758	19.76
Education attained (years)
≤ 9	125	64.04	2950	17.01	< .0001	2058	75.46	3969	22.92	< .0001
10–12	28	17.39	4340	37.71		350	15.17	4616	35.74
> 12	25	18.11	4995	44.79		184	8.60	5256	40.93
Family income
Low	86	44.79	2076	13.24	< .0001	1195	43.05	2310	14.38	< .0001
Middle	69	36.81	6419	53.45		1069	42.74	7324	53.76
High	24	18.40	3818	33.30		329	14.21	4218	31.85
Marital status
Single	33	17.21	3351	33.17	0.0004	1080	41.22	4362	33.56	< .0001
Married	145	82.09	9002	66.83	0.0004	1526	58.56	9536	66.40	< .0001
Smoking status
Never	30	14.20	2905	25.49	< .0001	2421	92.64	12,176	86.66	< .0001
Past smoker	103	58.11	5172	37.39		74	2.62	900	6.71
Current smoker	45	26.87	4221	36.78		93	3.64	763	6.22
Binge drinking
No	154	84.13	9950	79.66	0.2610	2552	97.21	13,046	93.20	< .0001
Yes	24	15.05	2351	20.00	0.2610	34	1.47	796	6.41	< .0001
Physical activity
Inactive	100	57.06	6428	48.90	< .0001	1566	60.41	7946	54.74	< .0001
Active	67	38.30	5845	50.54	< .0001	705	28.40	5867	44.65	< .0001
Medical comorbidity
No	87	48.69	8395	74.71	< .0001	1202	46.01	9834	75.35	< .0001
Yes	92	51.31	3958	25.29	< .0001	1408	53.99	4069	24.65	< .0001
Body mass index
Underweight	12	5.71	298	2.53	0.001	81	3.34	707	5.90	< .0001
Normal	93	50.99	5056	40.07		1282	49.49	7273	54.14
Overweight/obesity	74	43.29	6964	56.24		1225	46.35	5752	38.48
Menopausal status
Premenopause	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	55	3.17	7443	61.29	< .0001
Postmenopause	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	2211	85.55	6339	37.92	< .0001

Medical comorbidity was coded as ‘Yes’ if a person has one or more disease among diabetes, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid diseases, thyroid cancer and prostate cancer.
^aSum of numbers can miss the total number in group due to missing values.
NA not applicable.

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Table 1 Characteristics of participants stratified by sex and diagnosis of osteoporosis using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) 2007–2009 and 2015–2019 (weighted).

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