Table 3 Bi-directional association between depression (DEP) and osteoporosis (OST) stratified by sex and age groups.

From: Sex-specific bi‑directional association between osteoporosis and depression from the national representative data of South Korea

 

Group n (%)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

DEP → OST

 < 50 years

Men (n = 5810)

Without depression

5,688 (97.90)

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

With depression

122 (2.10)

9.63

(2.09–44.48)

8.72

(1.70–44.62)

9.31

(1.83–47.36)

9.16

(1.78–47.18)

Women (n = 7271)

Without depression

6,968 (95.83)

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

With depression

303 (4.17)

1.01

(0.31–3.25)

0.78

(0.24–2.57)

0.76

(0.18–3.22)

0.73

(0.17–3.13)

 ≥ 50 years

Men (n = 6714)

Without depression

6,525 (97.19)

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

With depression

189 (2.81)

1.77

(0.85–3.69)

1.73

(0.82–3.63)

1.53

(0.71–3.30)

1.55

(0.72–3.33)

Women (n = 9083)

Without depression

8,424 (92.74)

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

With depression

659 (7.26)

1.27

(1.06–1.52)

1.22

(1.01–1.46)

1.07

(0.88–1.30)

1.08

(0.89–1.31)

OST → DEP

 < 50 years

Men (n = 5808)

Without osteoporosis

5,798 (99.83)

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

With osteoporosis

10 (0.17)

NAa

 

NA

 

NA

 

NA

 

Women (n = 7273)

Without osteoporosis

7,208 (99.11)

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

With osteoporosis

65 (0.89)

1.69

(0.67–4.24)

1.23

(0.47–3.19)

1.85

(0.64–5.38)

1.77

(0.61–5.15)

 ≥ 50 years

Men (n = 6714)

Without osteoporosis

6,555 (97.63)

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

With osteoporosis

159 (2.37)

1.75

(0.84–3.64)

1.55

(0.74–3.28)

1.67

(0.79–3.52)

1.71

(0.81–3.62)

Women (n = 9034)

Without osteoporosis

6,695 (73.91)

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

(ref)

 

With osteoporosis

2,339 (26.09)

0.91

(0.75–1.11)

0.86

(0.71–1.05)

0.71

(0.57–0.88)

0.71

(0.58–0.89)

  1. Model 1: adjusted age; Model 2: Model 1 + adjusted comorbid medical conditions and body mass index; Model 3: Model 2 + smoking cigarette, binge drinking alcohol and physical activity; Model 4: Model 3 + education level, family income and marital status.
  2. Comorbidity included diabetes, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, thyroid diseases, thyroid cancer, breast cancer and prostate cancer.
  3. aThe estimates of NA (not applicable) were < .0001.
Back to article page