Table 1 Pre-flight HR-pQCT bone variables and absolute and percent change from pre-flight at the distal tibia.

From: Incomplete recovery of bone strength and trabecular microarchitecture at the distal tibia 1 year after return from long duration spaceflight

Tibia

Pre-flight

Δ R + 0m

Δ R + 6m

Δ R + 12m

F.Load (N)

10,579.0 (9743.3, 12,159.0)

− 495.0 (− 950.1, − 273.0)b

− 204.0 (− 284.7, − 89.0)b

− 152.0 (− 340.6, 5.1)b

− 4.5% (− 8.5, − 2.0)

− 1.9% (− 3.1, − 0.7)

− 1.3% (− 3.9, 0.0)

Tt.BMD (mg/cm3)

326.8 (306.1, 364.1)

− 10.3 (− 18.6, − 3.5)b

− 6.4 (− 8.7, − 1.5)b

− 4.5 (− 9.1, − 1.4)b

− 3.4% (− 5.1, − 1.0)

− 2.1% (− 3.3, − 0.5)

− 1.4% (− 2.7, − 0.4)

Tb.BMD (mg/cm3)

191.3 (178.4, 209.5)

− 6.3 (− 12.2, − 2.1)b

− 1.7 (− 5.6, 0.6)b

− 3.3 (− 10.4, − 0.8)b

− 3.6% (− 5.5, − 1.3)

− 0.9% (− 2.9, 0.3)

− 2.1% (− 4.5, − 0.4)

Tb.BV/TV (%)

27.59 (25.92, 30.12)

− 0.74 (− 1.33, − 0.20)b

− 0.16 (− 0.82, 0.08)b

− 0.37 (− 1.16, 0.01)b

− 2.7% (− 4.1, − 0.8)

− 0.6% (− 3, 0.3)

− 1.3% (− 3.5, 0.0)

Tb.Th (mm)

0.274 (0.257, 0.289)

− 0.004 (− 0.009, − 0.002)b

− 0.002 (− 0.004, 0.000)c

− 0.002 (− 0.006, − 0.001)b

− 1.4% (− 3.0, − 0.6)

− 0.7% (− 1.2, − 0.1)

− 0.9% (− 2.1, − 0.2)

Tb.N (1/mm)

1.38 (1.21, 1.5)

0.00 (− 0.02, 0.01)

− 0.01 (− 0.03, 0.01)

0.00 (− 0.02, 0.01)

− 0.2% (− 1.1, 1.1)

− 0.4% (− 2.2, 0.7)

0.0% (− 1.8, 0.6)

Tb.Sp (mm)

0.664 (0.638, 0.761)

0.003 (− 0.005, 0.009)

0.003 (− 0.002, 0.013)

0.001 (− 0.002, 0.009)

0.5% (− 0.8, 1.4)

0.5% (− 0.4, 2.2)

0.2% (− 0.3, 1.5)

Conn.D (1/mm3)

2.71 (2.10, 2.98)

0.06 (− 0.04, 0.14)a

− 0.01 (− 0.09, 0.02)

0.04 (− 0.01, 0.09)

2.2% (− 1.4, 5.8)

− 0.5% (− 4.2, 0.5)

1.3% (− 0.3, 4.3)

SMI

1.29 (0.66, 1.60)

0.12 (0.00, 0.19)b

0.00 (− 0.06, 0.08)

− 0.02 (− 0.08, 0.14)

9.3% (− 0.2, 18.7)

− 1.0% (− 6.0, 7.3)

− 2.5% (− 6.2, 12.2)

Ct.BMD (mg/cm3)

927.3 (898.5, 955.5)

− 17.3 (− 39.7, − 8.3)b

− 7.2 (− 27.1, − 5.3)b

− 12.0 (− 20.9, − 2.0)b

− 1.8% (− 4.4, − 0.9)

− 0.8% (− 3.1, − 0.6)

− 1.3% (− 2.2, − 0.2)

Ct.Th (mm)

1.59 (1.45, 1.67)

− 0.01 (− 0.04, 0.02)

0.00 (− 0.03, 0.01)

0.01 (0.00, 0.03)

− 0.8% (− 2.3, 1.4)

− 0.2% (− 1.7, 0.8)

0.5% (− 0.2, 2.1)

Ct.Po (%)

2.46 (2.12, 3.31)

0.20 (0.01, 0.43)

0.18 (0.08, 0.26)

0.19 (0.08, 0.56)

7.5% (1.1, 16.1)

7.9% (2.4, 13.7)

9.2% (4.4, 15.9)

  1. Data are median (IQR) for pre-flight, absolute median change, and pairwise percent median change from pre-flight. n = 17. ap < 0.05; bp < 0.01 vs. pre-flight based on linear mixed effects models. cp = 0.06. R + 0m return, R + 6m 6 months after return, R + 12m 12 months after return, F.Load failure load, Tt.BMD total bone mineral density, Tb.BMD trabecular BMD, Tb.BV/TV trabecular bone volume fraction, Tb.Th trabecular thickness, Tb.N trabecular number, Tb.Sp trabecular separation, Ct.BMD cortical BMD, Ct.Th cortical thickness, Ct.Po cortical porosity, Conn.D connectivity density, SMI structure model index.
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