Figure 4
The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor meloxicam reduces PGE2 production and enhances cytokine production by canine PBMCs with or without anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibody treatment. (a,b) Suppression of PGE2 production by the COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam. Cells were cultured for 3 d with 5 μM meloxicam, and PGE2 concentration in the supernatant was measured by ELISA. (a) PGE2 production from canine cancer cell lines CMM-1 and HMPOS. Mean values of triplicate measurement are shown. Error bars indicate the SD. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann–Whitney U test. (b) PGE2 production from canine PBMCs (n = 7). Red bars indicate the median values. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed rank test. (c,d) Enhancement of cytokine production from canine PBMCs by meloxicam treatment. Canine PBMCs were cultured for 3 d with 5 μM meloxicam and/or 20 μg/mL anti-PD-L1 antibody c4G12, and (c) IL-2 (n = 11) and (d) IFN-γ (n = 15) concentrations in the supernatant were measured by ELISA. Each point represents the relative cytokine concentration compared to no treatment control prepared from the same individual. Red bars indicate the median values. Statistical analysis was performed using Steel–Dwass test (*P < 0.05).
