Table 3 Main results of the associations between behavioural variables (frequency and durations) and cortisol concentrations. Results for “sniffing the environment” are related to post-test cortisol concentrations.
From: Audience effect on domestic dogs’ behavioural displays and facial expressions
Behavioural variables | Positive anticipation compared to frustration non-social | Frustration social compared to frustration non-social | Pre-test cortisol concentration | Post-test cortisol concentration | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | Z | p value | Estimate | Z | p value | Estimate | Z | p value | |
Ears forward (EAD101)—duration | 2.745 | 2.303 | 0.021 | 2.689 | 2.243 | 0.025 | − 1.725 | − 2.668 | 0.008 |
Ears downward (EAD105)—duration | 0.035 | 0.076 | 0.939 | 0.227 | 0.490 | 0.624 | 0.879 | 3.295 | 0.001 |
Looking away—frequency | − 0.426 | − 2.591 | 0.010 | − 0.077 | − 0.506 | 0.613 | 0.152 | 2.510 | 0.012 |
Sniffing the environment—duration | − 0.776 | − 2.378 | 0.018 | − 0.776 | − 2.360 | 0.018 | 0.322 | 3.238 | 0.001 |
